{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3000754604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1720829","title":"Optimizing the penalty kick under external focus of attention and autonomy support instructions","display_name":"Optimizing the penalty kick under external focus of attention and autonomy support instructions","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3000754604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1720829","mag":"3000754604","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31983301"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17461391.2020.1720829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1720829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1720829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18135458","display_name":"European Journal of Sport Science","issn_l":"1536-7290","issn":["1536-7290","1746-1391"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Sport Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065859347","display_name":"Hubert Makaruk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2118-4051","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2118-4051"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80810150","display_name":"J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/043k6re07","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80810150"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hubert Makaruk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Athletics and Swimming, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, The Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biala Podlaska, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2118-4051","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Athletics and Swimming, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, The Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biala Podlaska, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80810150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055436721","display_name":"Jared Marak Porter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4660-9965","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4660-9965"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jared M. Porter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052480402","display_name":"Anna Bodasi\u0144ska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6830-1390","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6830-1390"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80810150","display_name":"J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/043k6re07","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80810150"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Bodasi\u0144ska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, The Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biala Podlaska, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, The Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biala Podlaska, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80810150"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Stephanie Palmer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110378019","display_name":"Southern Illinois University Carbondale","ror":"https://ror.org/049kefs16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110378019","https://openalex.org/I2801502357"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Palmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Kinesiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Kinesiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110378019"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065859347"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80810150"],"apc_list":{"value":2680,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2680},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4029,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96262336,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"10","first_page":"1378","last_page":"1386"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11400","display_name":"Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13224","display_name":"Sports and Physical Education Research","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penalty-kicks","display_name":"penalty kicks","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-focus-of-attention","display_name":"external attention","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy-support","display_name":"autonomy support","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/football","display_name":"football","score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shooting-performance","display_name":"shooting performance","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attentional-focus","display_name":"attentional focus","score":0.6100000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5851550698280334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.5829492807388306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.4711954593658447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.46961790323257446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.4382709562778473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.32585859298706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32176440954208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.23398196697235107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.19828921556472778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07894647121429443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000068356","descriptor_name":"Self-Control","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012916","descriptor_name":"Soccer","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012916","descriptor_name":"Soccer","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012916","descriptor_name":"Soccer","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D026684","descriptor_name":"Personal Autonomy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054874","descriptor_name":"Athletic Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17461391.2020.1720829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1720829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1720829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18135458","display_name":"European Journal of Sport Science","issn_l":"1536-7290","issn":["1536-7290","1746-1391"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Sport Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31983301","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31983301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European journal of sport science","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41882842","https://openalex.org/W1514168086","https://openalex.org/W1578609830","https://openalex.org/W1969346266","https://openalex.org/W1976788357","https://openalex.org/W1977005825","https://openalex.org/W1981123455","https://openalex.org/W1988438120","https://openalex.org/W1991324021","https://openalex.org/W2001505577","https://openalex.org/W2006117591","https://openalex.org/W2019828480","https://openalex.org/W2027315339","https://openalex.org/W2027508207","https://openalex.org/W2042226652","https://openalex.org/W2044201858","https://openalex.org/W2051341956","https://openalex.org/W2053916820","https://openalex.org/W2073908631","https://openalex.org/W2083277815","https://openalex.org/W2095854615","https://openalex.org/W2113130853","https://openalex.org/W2113579692","https://openalex.org/W2121453541","https://openalex.org/W2128165162","https://openalex.org/W2128991176","https://openalex.org/W2132321368","https://openalex.org/W2133504514","https://openalex.org/W2139025379","https://openalex.org/W2163598666","https://openalex.org/W2172124745","https://openalex.org/W2179427518","https://openalex.org/W2195705244","https://openalex.org/W2342925794","https://openalex.org/W2486938918","https://openalex.org/W2558395968","https://openalex.org/W2565341121","https://openalex.org/W2615295305","https://openalex.org/W2669288630","https://openalex.org/W2738437083","https://openalex.org/W2788930055","https://openalex.org/W2976991635","https://openalex.org/W4300870773"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2976991635","https://openalex.org/W4414707562","https://openalex.org/W4366373403","https://openalex.org/W3124481347","https://openalex.org/W2980887575","https://openalex.org/W2441283114","https://openalex.org/W656098922","https://openalex.org/W2006117591","https://openalex.org/W2119434995","https://openalex.org/W1970520764"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Penalty":[0],"kicks":[1,65],"often":[2],"play":[3],"a":[4,45,54,58],"decisive":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,25,53,71,144,191,205],"the":[8,22,63,72,97,125,132,142,145,162,168,172,179,183,187,197,209],"most":[9],"prestigious":[10],"international":[11],"football":[12,26],"tournaments.":[13],"The":[14,102,121,150,211],"present":[15],"study":[16],"investigated":[17],"whether":[18],"shooting":[19],"performance":[20],"of":[21,49,78,105,111,127,147,157,171,219],"penalty":[23,64,118,227],"kick":[24,44,119,228],"would":[27],"be":[28],"improved":[29],"by":[30],"providing":[31],"specific":[32],"attentional":[33],"and":[34,84,88,108,164,221],"motivational":[35],"instructions.":[36],"Twenty-four":[37],"experienced":[38],"male":[39],"volunteers":[40],"were":[41,114,139,201],"asked":[42],"to":[43,95,116,131,161,196],"ball":[46,98],"at":[47],"one":[48],"four":[50],"targets":[51,70],"located":[52],"regulation-sized":[55],"goal.":[56],"Using":[57],"goalkeeper-independent":[59],"strategy,":[60],"subjects":[61],"performed":[62],"under":[66],"external":[67,82,217],"focus":[68,83,218],"(EF;":[69],"goal),":[73],"autonomy":[74,85,222],"support":[75,86,223],"(AS;":[76],"choice":[77],"target":[79],"order),":[80],"combining":[81],"(EF/AS),":[87],"control":[89],"conditions":[90,143],"(C).":[91],"A":[92],"goalkeeper":[93],"tried":[94],"save":[96],"during":[99],"each":[100],"attempt.":[101],"mean":[103],"number":[104,126,146],"scored":[106,113,129,159],"goals":[107,128,148,158],"kicking":[109,155,169],"accuracy":[110,156,170],"goal":[112],"used":[115],"determine":[117],"performance.":[120,229],"EF/AS":[122,151,188],"combination":[123],"enhanced":[124],"compared":[130,195],"C":[133,165,180,198],"condition.":[134,181,199],"No":[135],"other":[136],"significant":[137,203],"differences":[138,204],"observed":[140],"between":[141,208],"scored.":[149],"group":[152],"displayed":[153],"greater":[154],"relative":[160],"AS":[163],"conditions.":[166,210],"Also,":[167],"EF":[173],"condition":[174,189],"was":[175],"significantly":[176],"better":[177],"than":[178],"Additionally,":[182],"results":[184],"demonstrated":[185],"that":[186,214],"resulted":[190],"fewer":[192],"missed":[193],"shots":[194,207],"There":[200],"no":[202],"blocked":[206],"findings":[212],"suggest":[213],"promoting":[215],"an":[216],"attention":[220],"collectively":[224],"may":[225],"enhance":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2020-01-30T00:00:00"}
