{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3000624528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz263","title":"Using Evidence Factors to Clarify Exposure Biomarkers","display_name":"Using Evidence Factors to Clarify Exposure Biomarkers","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3000624528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz263","mag":"3000624528","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31912138"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/aje/kwz263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz263","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170967050","display_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0002-9262","issn":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068185298","display_name":"Bikram Karmakar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9336-5062","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9336-5062"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bikram Karmakar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090252563","display_name":"Dylan S. Small","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4928-2646","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4928-2646"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dylan S Small","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067324209","display_name":"Paul R. Rosenbaum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0872-1403","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0872-1403"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul R Rosenbaum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090252563"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":4856,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4856},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.565,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86160808,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"189","issue":"3","first_page":"243","last_page":"249"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9276999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9276999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.06129999831318855,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarkers-of-exposure","display_name":"biomarkers of exposure","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cotinine","display_name":"cotinine","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homocysteine","display_name":"homocysteine","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cigarette-smoking","display_name":"cigarette smoking","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"confounding","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-reported-smoking","display_name":"self-reported smoking","score":0.7260000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5228277444839478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.34739699959754944}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000073865","descriptor_name":"Cigarette Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003367","descriptor_name":"Cotinine","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006710","descriptor_name":"Homocysteine","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015201","descriptor_name":"Meta-Analysis as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015981","descriptor_name":"Epidemiologic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/aje/kwz263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz263","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170967050","display_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0002-9262","issn":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31912138","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31912138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American journal of epidemiology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7246000170707703,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84018622","https://openalex.org/W1515242458","https://openalex.org/W1603355260","https://openalex.org/W1844718320","https://openalex.org/W1990023507","https://openalex.org/W2011974322","https://openalex.org/W2012904560","https://openalex.org/W2014766567","https://openalex.org/W2016919144","https://openalex.org/W2045638068","https://openalex.org/W2046022036","https://openalex.org/W2049719667","https://openalex.org/W2072509694","https://openalex.org/W2073116379","https://openalex.org/W2084812985","https://openalex.org/W2085983659","https://openalex.org/W2087651612","https://openalex.org/W2091628208","https://openalex.org/W2107176478","https://openalex.org/W2111940352","https://openalex.org/W2122771444","https://openalex.org/W2128745368","https://openalex.org/W2129618217","https://openalex.org/W2146587771","https://openalex.org/W2149853199","https://openalex.org/W2153737102","https://openalex.org/W2169578678","https://openalex.org/W2323959257","https://openalex.org/W2499292135","https://openalex.org/W2556444575","https://openalex.org/W2593778509","https://openalex.org/W2616568426","https://openalex.org/W2766502715","https://openalex.org/W2769089786","https://openalex.org/W2769154505","https://openalex.org/W2924899695","https://openalex.org/W2933513052","https://openalex.org/W3016230452","https://openalex.org/W3106097685","https://openalex.org/W3196620053","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300778175"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4256568313","https://openalex.org/W3130272260","https://openalex.org/W2769154505","https://openalex.org/W2933513052","https://openalex.org/W3037412614","https://openalex.org/W7098143087","https://openalex.org/W7096334836","https://openalex.org/W3131359970","https://openalex.org/W2970848293","https://openalex.org/W2003422776"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"study":[1],"has":[2],"2":[3,9,34,116],"evidence":[4,40,65],"factors":[5,35,117],"if":[6],"it":[7],"permits":[8],"statistically":[10,37],"independent":[11,52],"inferences":[12],"about":[13],"1":[14],"treatment":[15],"effect":[16],"such":[17],"that":[18,26,75],"each":[19],"factor":[20],"is":[21],"immune":[22],"to":[23,88,118],"some":[24],"bias":[25,119],"would":[27],"invalidate":[28],"the":[29,33,39,56,95],"other":[30],"factor.":[31],"Because":[32],"are":[36],"independent,":[38],"they":[41],"provide":[42],"can":[43],"be":[44],"combined":[45],"using":[46,55],"methods":[47],"associated":[48],"with":[49,104],"meta-analysis":[50],"for":[51],"studies,":[53],"despite":[54],"same":[57],"data":[58],"twice":[59],"in":[60,69,73],"different":[61],"ways.":[62],"We":[63,111],"illustrate":[64],"factors,":[66],"applying":[67],"them":[68],"a":[70,82,89,108,122],"new":[71],"way":[72],"investigations":[74],"have":[76],"both":[77],"an":[78],"exposure":[79,87],"biomarker":[80],"and":[81,107],"coarse":[83],"external":[84],"measure":[85],"of":[86,98,115,125],"treatment.":[90],"To":[91],"illustrate,":[92],"we":[93],"consider":[94],"possible":[96],"effects":[97],"cigarette":[99],"smoking":[100,106],"on":[101],"homocysteine":[102],"levels,":[103],"self-reported":[105],"cotinine":[109],"biomarker.":[110],"examine":[112],"joint":[113],"sensitivity":[114],"from":[120],"confounding,":[121],"central":[123],"aspect":[124],"any":[126],"observational":[127],"study.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2020-01-23T00:00:00"}