{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3000499447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21236/ada628805","title":"Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM)","display_name":"Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM)","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3000499447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21236/ada628805","mag":"3000499447"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21236/ada628805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21236/ada628805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21236/ada628805","pdf_url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a628805.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923043","display_name":"Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Office of Naval Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a628805.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062760112","display_name":"Robert W. Schunk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8137-0617","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8137-0617"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271450","display_name":"Washington Headquarters Services","ror":"https://ror.org/02ey26w09","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271450"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert W. Schunk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Atmospheric and Space Sciences Utah State University Logan, Utah 84322-4405","Center for Atmospheric and Space Sciences,,Utah State University,,Logan,,UT, 84322","Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Atmospheric and Space Sciences Utah State University Logan, Utah 84322-4405","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Atmospheric and Space Sciences,,Utah State University,,Logan,,UT, 84322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405271450"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062760112"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950","https://openalex.org/I4405271450"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10781","display_name":"Low-Pressure Plasma Processing and Diagnostics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11603","display_name":"Dust and Plasma Wave Phenomena","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-assimilation","display_name":"data assimilation","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-density-reconstruction","display_name":"electron density reconstruction","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionospheric-forecasting","display_name":"ionospheric prediction","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-electron-content","display_name":"total electron content","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-radio-occultation","display_name":"GPS radio occultation","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmic","display_name":"COSMIC","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digisonde","display_name":"Digisonde","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ssusi","display_name":"SSUSI","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionospheric-storms","display_name":"ionospheric storms","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substorms","display_name":"substorms","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-cycle","display_name":"solar cycle","score":0.5460000038146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.6877192854881287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75649859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148877","display_name":"Assimilation (phonology)","level":2,"score":0.6638330221176147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5999361276626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24552861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177","display_name":"Data assimilation","level":2,"score":0.5844882130622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.5087533593177795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4499448835849762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.33529388904571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2155168056488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18833580613136292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.10657283663749695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.04143384099006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21236/ada628805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21236/ada628805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21236/ada628805","pdf_url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a628805.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923043","display_name":"Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Office of Naval Research","raw_type":"report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21236/ada628805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21236/ada628805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21236/ada628805","pdf_url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a628805.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923043","display_name":"Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Office of Naval Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3000499447.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3000499447.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W601804701","https://openalex.org/W1494329373","https://openalex.org/W1621631247","https://openalex.org/W1660808673","https://openalex.org/W1969249248","https://openalex.org/W1974679987","https://openalex.org/W2022804672","https://openalex.org/W2198456553"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067278867","https://openalex.org/W340486278","https://openalex.org/W2768360390","https://openalex.org/W2058211111","https://openalex.org/W1645324970","https://openalex.org/W3088502618","https://openalex.org/W3081764609","https://openalex.org/W2738389003","https://openalex.org/W1893573277","https://openalex.org/W1997279697"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Our":[0],"primary":[1],"goal":[2,23],"is":[3,24,273,332],"to":[4,25,47,120,274,279,300,311,324,372],"construct":[5],"a":[6,30,49,56,65,70,74,90,194,255,276,281,326,355,376,383],"real-time":[7,78],"data":[8,192,261,286,368],"assimilation":[9,379],"model":[10,28,68,304,318],"for":[11,29,55,72,162,358],"the":[12,27,110,163,166,184,204,216,227,232,245,293,301,316,335,366],"ionosphere-plasmasphere":[13,67,303,349,385],"system":[14,350,386],"that":[15,52,94,259,292,331,370],"will":[16,53,63,84,107,127,158,172,253,288,319,351,387],"provide":[17,54,85,159,388],"reliable":[18],"specifications":[19,86],"and":[20,42,87,149,151,183,235,240,250,314,375],"forecasts.A":[21],"secondary":[22],"validate":[26],"wide":[31],"range":[32],"of":[33,59,77,112,165,365,382],"geophysical":[34],"conditions,":[35],"including":[36],"different":[37,367],"solar":[38],"cycle,":[39],"seasonal,":[40],"storm,":[41],"substorm":[43],"conditions.":[44],"OBJECTIVESWe":[45],"propose":[46],"develop":[48],"software":[50],"program":[51,83],"Global":[57,185],"Assimilation":[58],"Ionospheric":[60],"Measurements":[61],"(GAIM).GAIM":[62],"use":[64,275,381],"physics-based":[66,302,317],"as":[69,132,198,354],"basis":[71],"assimilating":[73],"diverse":[75],"set":[76],"(or":[79],"near":[80],"real-time)":[81],"measurements.The":[82],"forecasts":[88],"on":[89,231],"specified":[91],"spatial":[92],"grid":[93],"can":[95,263,305],"be":[96,108,129,264,289,306,320,352],"global,":[97],"regional,":[98],"or":[99],"local":[100],"(50":[101],"km":[102,119],"x":[103],"50":[104],"km).The":[105],"specifications/forecasts":[106],"in":[109,322,342],"form":[111],"3-dimensional":[113],"electron":[114,360],"density":[115,345,361],"distributions":[116],"from":[117,193,212,226,244],"90":[118],"geosynchronous":[121],"altitudes":[122],"(35,000":[123],"km).Auxiliary":[124],"plasma":[125,224,242],"parameters":[126,225,243],"also":[128],"provided,":[130],"such":[131,197],"N":[133,143,209,328,373],"m":[134,139,144,147],"F":[135,140],"2":[136,141],",":[137,142],"h":[138,146],"E,":[145,148],"slant":[150],"vertical":[152],"TEC.In":[153],"its":[154],"specification":[155],"mode,":[156],"GAIM":[157,171],"quantitative":[160],"estimates":[161],"accuracy":[164],"reconstructed":[167],"ionospheric":[168,283,344],"densities.The":[169],"measurements":[170],"assimilate":[173],"include:":[174],"(1)":[175],"Slant":[176],"path":[177],"TECs":[178,201],"between":[179],"80-90":[180],"ground":[181],"receivers":[182],"Positioning":[186],"System":[187],"(GPS)":[188],"satellites;":[189,234],"(2)":[190],"Occultation":[191],"satellite":[195],"constellation":[196],"COSMIC;":[199],"(3)":[200],"associated":[202,214],"with":[203,215,334],"CIT":[205],"network;":[206,220],"(4)":[207],"Bottomside":[208],"e":[210,329,374],"profiles":[211],"digisondes":[213],"Air":[217],"Force":[218],"DISS":[219],"(5)":[221],"In":[222],"situ":[223],"SSIES":[228],"instrument":[229],"package":[230],"DMSP":[233],"(6)":[236],"Line-of-sight":[237],"UV":[238],"emissions":[239],"deduced":[241],"Naval":[246],"Research":[247],"Laboratory's":[248],"SSUSI":[249],"SSULI":[251],"instruments.GAIM":[252],"have":[254],"modular":[256],"construction,":[257],"so":[258,291],"new":[260],"types":[262,369],"readily":[265],"assimilated":[266,290],"when":[267],"they":[268],"become":[269],"available.":[270],"APPROACHOur":[271],"approach":[272],"two-step":[277],"process":[278],"obtain":[280,325],"3-D":[282,327],"reconstruction.First,":[284],"certain":[285],"sets":[287],"inputs":[294],"(neutral":[295],"parameters,":[296],"electric":[297],"fields,":[298],"precipitation)":[299],"adjusted,":[307],"within":[308],"expected":[309],"errors,":[310],"match":[312],"observations,":[313],"then":[315],"run":[321],"order":[323],"distribution":[330],"consistent":[333],"measured":[336],"inputs.This":[337],"first":[338],"step":[339],"should":[340],"result":[341],"realistic":[343],"features.Next,":[346],"this":[347],"simulated":[348,384],"used":[353],"starting":[356],"point":[357],"an":[359],"reconstruction":[362],"using":[363],"all":[364],"pertain":[371],"Kalman":[377],"filter":[378],"technique.The":[380]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2020-01-23T00:00:00"}