{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3000385461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967218","title":"Solutions to Scalability of Blockchain: A Survey","display_name":"Solutions to Scalability of Blockchain: A Survey","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3000385461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967218","mag":"3000385461"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2967218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967218","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08962150.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08962150.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064354746","display_name":"Qiheng Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9242-8896","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9242-8896"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiheng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9242-8896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047931252","display_name":"Huawei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7035-6446","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7035-6446"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huawei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7035-6446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zibin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-7718","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-7718"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zibin Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-7718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103044627","display_name":"Jing Bian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3015-7573","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3015-7573"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3015-7573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":98.0914,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":689,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99968961,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"16440","last_page":"16455"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13913","display_name":"Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain-scalability","display_name":"blockchain scalability","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"cryptocurrency","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitcoin","display_name":"Bitcoin","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work","display_name":"proof-of-work","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"throughput","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-latency","display_name":"transaction latency","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling-solutions","display_name":"scaling solutions","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralized-systems","display_name":"decentralized systems","score":0.44200000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9788647890090942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.9168738126754761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.9168042540550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8099297285079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.6164240837097168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.5070233345031738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4878111183643341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3453872799873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.24491512775421143}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2967218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967218","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08962150.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:98dd3c36382042a2ad9b549c7a9177d1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/98dd3c36382042a2ad9b549c7a9177d1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 16440-16455 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2967218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967218","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08962150.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4943999946117401,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1051005861","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fb9\u7f18\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u81ea\u9a71\u52a8\u7f51\u7edc\u673a\u5236\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61902445","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1219302554","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016-YFB1000101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8199004219","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61722214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3000385461.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3000385461.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006699751","https://openalex.org/W2054584570","https://openalex.org/W2070232376","https://openalex.org/W2077246908","https://openalex.org/W2098104887","https://openalex.org/W2119245106","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2161455936","https://openalex.org/W2164457448","https://openalex.org/W2181397138","https://openalex.org/W2182035090","https://openalex.org/W2281208003","https://openalex.org/W2288007454","https://openalex.org/W2295318496","https://openalex.org/W2295940006","https://openalex.org/W2470694705","https://openalex.org/W2511446761","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2573050643","https://openalex.org/W2584364557","https://openalex.org/W2617729518","https://openalex.org/W2717184009","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2765860591","https://openalex.org/W2769218926","https://openalex.org/W2774909858","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2794881683","https://openalex.org/W2795222609","https://openalex.org/W2798403424","https://openalex.org/W2799891711","https://openalex.org/W2808656506","https://openalex.org/W2888947553","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2899359367","https://openalex.org/W2917183287","https://openalex.org/W2938983867","https://openalex.org/W2945894366","https://openalex.org/W2947736742","https://openalex.org/W2950127654","https://openalex.org/W2952871880","https://openalex.org/W2953719570","https://openalex.org/W2957094130","https://openalex.org/W2963264685","https://openalex.org/W2963997141","https://openalex.org/W2967439377","https://openalex.org/W2979341164","https://openalex.org/W2981621566","https://openalex.org/W2982520874","https://openalex.org/W3013928723","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4255535209","https://openalex.org/W4298324381","https://openalex.org/W6674594504","https://openalex.org/W6684009476","https://openalex.org/W6766761815"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4381886480","https://openalex.org/W4406417078","https://openalex.org/W4321636117","https://openalex.org/W4396928767","https://openalex.org/W3212014260","https://openalex.org/W3135292792","https://openalex.org/W2900804173","https://openalex.org/W4415850447","https://openalex.org/W2887561408","https://openalex.org/W4235240664"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain-based":[0],"decentralized":[1],"cryptocurrencies":[2,42],"have":[3],"drawn":[4],"much":[5],"attention":[6],"and":[7,22,37,70,83],"been":[8],"widely-deployed":[9],"in":[10,26],"recent":[11],"years.":[12],"Bitcoin,":[13],"the":[14,48,55,64,90],"first":[15],"application":[16],"of":[17,34,57,93],"blockchain,":[18],"achieves":[19],"great":[20],"success":[21],"promotes":[23],"more":[24,52],"development":[25],"this":[27],"field.":[28],"However,":[29],"Bitcoin":[30],"encounters":[31],"performance":[32],"problems":[33],"low":[35],"throughput":[36],"high":[38],"transaction":[39],"latency.":[40],"Other":[41],"based":[43],"on":[44],"proof-of-work":[45],"also":[46],"inherit":[47],"flaws,":[49],"leading":[50],"to":[51,62],"concerns":[53],"about":[54],"scalability":[56,91],"blockchain.":[58,94],"This":[59],"paper":[60],"attempts":[61],"cover":[63],"existing":[65],"scaling":[66],"solutions":[67],"for":[68,88],"blockchain":[69],"classify":[71],"them":[72],"by":[73],"level.":[74],"In":[75],"addition,":[76],"we":[77],"make":[78],"comparisons":[79],"between":[80],"different":[81],"methods":[82],"list":[84],"some":[85],"potential":[86],"directions":[87],"solving":[89],"problem":[92]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":87},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":143},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":144},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":122},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":117},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2020-01-23T00:00:00"}