{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3000363797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06046","title":"Incorporating Low-Cost Sensor Measurements into High-Resolution PM 2.5 Modeling at a Large Spatial Scale","display_name":"Incorporating Low-Cost Sensor Measurements into High-Resolution PM 2.5 Modeling at a Large Spatial Scale","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3000363797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06046","mag":"3000363797","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31927908"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b06046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06046","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13479253","display_name":"Environmental Science & Technology","issn_l":"0013-936X","issn":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Science & Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10501744.1","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002516787","display_name":"Jianzhao Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3807-6927","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3807-6927"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianzhao Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory University","Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3807-6927","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081354146","display_name":"Avani Wildani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9457-8863","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9457-8863"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avani Wildani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory University","Department of Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000225915","display_name":"Howard H. Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6316-1640","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6316-1640"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Howard Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory University","Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6316-1640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355638","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5477-2186","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5477-2186","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2020-2870"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory University","Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5477-2186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002516787"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.4387,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":235,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99475951,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"4","first_page":"2152","last_page":"2162"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-cost-air-quality-sensors","display_name":"low-cost air quality sensors","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pm2-5-estimation","display_name":"PM2.5 estimation","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/purpleair","display_name":"PurpleAir","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-calibration","display_name":"sensor calibration","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographically-weighted-regression","display_name":"geographically weighted regression","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-bias","display_name":"sensor bias","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-resolution","display_name":"spatial resolution","score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exposure-assessment","display_name":"exposure assessment","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollution-hotspots","display_name":"air pollution hotspots","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/california","display_name":"California","score":0.5440000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.7422038912773132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.7331782579421997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.635749340057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5244764685630798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126314574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364111","display_name":"Air quality index","level":2,"score":0.4328596889972687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.41590186953544617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3550124168395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3018202483654022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23054993152618408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.17614910006523132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.14836165308952332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.08189058303833008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000393","descriptor_name":"Air Pollutants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000397","descriptor_name":"Air Pollution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002140","descriptor_name":"California","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004784","descriptor_name":"Environmental Monitoring","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D052638","descriptor_name":"Particulate Matter","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b06046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06046","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13479253","display_name":"Environmental Science & Technology","issn_l":"0013-936X","issn":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Science & Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1002/essoar.10501744.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10501744.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10501744.1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:31927908","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31927908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental science & technology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/essoar.10501744.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10501744.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10501744.1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2546342323","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNX16AQ28Q","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3400933487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC19K0191","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1944603233","https://openalex.org/W1972354916","https://openalex.org/W1976802266","https://openalex.org/W1990797640","https://openalex.org/W1995912819","https://openalex.org/W2000667030","https://openalex.org/W2016381774","https://openalex.org/W2055361278","https://openalex.org/W2077925494","https://openalex.org/W2079098817","https://openalex.org/W2105103805","https://openalex.org/W2112869689","https://openalex.org/W2140204557","https://openalex.org/W2140282454","https://openalex.org/W2147279463","https://openalex.org/W2147347671","https://openalex.org/W2150751323","https://openalex.org/W2157395790","https://openalex.org/W2158554588","https://openalex.org/W2159862336","https://openalex.org/W2234079634","https://openalex.org/W2297827415","https://openalex.org/W2470693820","https://openalex.org/W2475217919","https://openalex.org/W2525243525","https://openalex.org/W2566667959","https://openalex.org/W2566824844","https://openalex.org/W2607350314","https://openalex.org/W2620300958","https://openalex.org/W2741056528","https://openalex.org/W2745367093","https://openalex.org/W2751629492","https://openalex.org/W2752065648","https://openalex.org/W2765891303","https://openalex.org/W2786745615","https://openalex.org/W2797612288","https://openalex.org/W2799825325","https://openalex.org/W2801553349","https://openalex.org/W2804076223","https://openalex.org/W2804201186","https://openalex.org/W2811500584","https://openalex.org/W2894263072","https://openalex.org/W2896320754","https://openalex.org/W2903932790","https://openalex.org/W2904147937","https://openalex.org/W2911930990","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2979392357"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3168976014","https://openalex.org/W3202318132","https://openalex.org/W4413976431","https://openalex.org/W3195171955","https://openalex.org/W4391014979","https://openalex.org/W3045393783","https://openalex.org/W4280584382","https://openalex.org/W4404103210","https://openalex.org/W2979392357","https://openalex.org/W7165484853"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low-cost":[0],"air":[1,62],"quality":[2,63],"sensors":[3,58,72],"are":[4],"promising":[5],"supplements":[6],"to":[7,20,42,89,103,117,131,186,200],"regulatory":[8,66],"monitors":[9],"for":[10],"PM":[11,28,51,108,203],"2.5":[12,29,52,109,204],"exposure":[13,30],"assessment.":[14],"However,":[15],"little":[16],"has":[17],"been":[18],"done":[19],"incorporate":[21],"the":[22,44,71,150,187,198],"low-cost":[23,47,57],"sensor":[24,48,127],"measurements":[25,82,97],"in":[26,50],"large-scale":[27],"modeling.":[31],"We":[32],"conducted":[33],"spatially":[34],"varying":[35],"calibration":[36,69,112],"and":[37,68,93,121,137,172,207],"developed":[38],"a":[39,99,173],"downweighting":[40],"strategy":[41],"optimize":[43],"use":[45],"of":[46,70,162,170,190,194],"data":[49,196],"estimation.":[53],"In":[54],"California,":[55],"PurpleAir":[56,81,195],"were":[59,83],"paired":[60],"with":[61,95,134,154],"system":[64],"(AQS)":[65],"stations,":[67],"was":[73,129],"performed":[74],"by":[75,124],"geographically":[76],"weighted":[77,146],"regression.":[78],"The":[79,111,145,177,192],"calibrated":[80],"then":[84],"given":[85],"lower":[86,174],"weights":[87],"according":[88],"their":[90],"residual":[91,122],"errors":[92,123],"fused":[94],"AQS":[96],"into":[98],"random":[100,157],"forest":[101],"model":[102,148,153],"generate":[104],"1":[105],"km":[106],"daily":[107],"estimates.":[110],"reduced":[113],"PurpleAir\u2019s":[114],"systematic":[115],"bias":[116,128],"\u223c0":[118],"\u03bcg/m":[119],"3":[120],"36%.":[125],"Increased":[126],"found":[130],"be":[132],"associated":[133],"higher":[135],"temperature":[136],"humidity,":[138],"as":[139,141],"well":[140],"longer":[142],"operating":[143],"time.":[144],"prediction":[147,152,175],"outperformed":[149],"AQS-based":[151],"an":[155,164],"improved":[156,165],"cross-validation":[158],"(CV)":[159],"R":[160,168,180],"2":[161,169,181],"0.86,":[163],"spatial":[166,205],"CV":[167,179],"0.81,":[171],"error.":[176],"temporal":[178,188],"did":[182],"not":[183],"improve":[184],"due":[185],"discontinuity":[189],"PurpleAir.":[191],"inclusion":[193],"allowed":[197],"predictions":[199],"better":[201],"reflect":[202],"details":[206],"hotspots.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2020-01-23T00:00:00"}