{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3000330489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.002","title":"The Long Arm of the Algorithm? Automated Facial Recognition as Evidence and Trigger for Police Intervention","display_name":"The Long Arm of the Algorithm? Automated Facial Recognition as Evidence and Trigger for Police Intervention","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3000330489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.002","mag":"3000330489","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32412004","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7219190"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.002","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589871X20300024/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187928","display_name":"Forensic Science International Synergy","issn_l":"2589-871X","issn":["2589-871X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forensic Science International: Synergy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589871X20300024/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001465745","display_name":"Kyriakos N. Kotsoglou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3458-4182","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3458-4182"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyriakos N. Kotsoglou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Law, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Law, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034331132","display_name":"Marion Oswald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-0002","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-0002","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1300-6551"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marion Oswald","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Law, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Law, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001465745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1700},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1700},"fwci":17.494,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98894587,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"86","last_page":"89"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14493","display_name":"Criminal Law and Evidence","score":0.7602999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14493","display_name":"Criminal Law and Evidence","score":0.7602999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.09549999982118607,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12921","display_name":"European Criminal Justice and Data Protection","score":0.033399999141693115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-recognition","display_name":"face recognition","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reasonable-suspicion","display_name":"reasonable suspicion","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-intervention","display_name":"police intervention","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-evidence","display_name":"criminal evidence","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-to-a-fair-trial","display_name":"right to a fair trial","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/article-6","display_name":"Article 6","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-decision-making","display_name":"algorithmic decision-making","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-decision-makers","display_name":"human decision-makers","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-rate","display_name":"error rate","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misidentification","display_name":"misidentification","score":0.4050000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.679538905620575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.6195555925369263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5993331074714661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5068495869636536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4884282648563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4859539270401001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780589192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7285140","display_name":"Raising (metalworking)","level":2,"score":0.48290562629699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4410821199417114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4270244836807251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.37932339310646057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2813221216201782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23900869488716125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.14132145047187805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.002","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589871X20300024/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187928","display_name":"Forensic Science International Synergy","issn_l":"2589-871X","issn":["2589-871X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forensic Science International: Synergy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.3505456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3505456","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3505456","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7219190","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7219190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forensic Sci Int Synerg","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:32412004","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32412004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forensic science international. Synergy","raw_type":"Case Reports"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:41947","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/41947/1/1-s2.0-S2589871X20300024-main.pdf","pdf_url":"http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/41947/1/1-s2.0-S2589871X20300024-main.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e63191c81b254f4d98ec9784bdff0407","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e63191c81b254f4d98ec9784bdff0407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Forensic Science International: Synergy, Vol 2, Iss , Pp 86-89 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.002","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589871X20300024/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187928","display_name":"Forensic Science International Synergy","issn_l":"2589-871X","issn":["2589-871X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forensic Science International: Synergy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3000330489.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3000330489.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W135750979","https://openalex.org/W1507631305","https://openalex.org/W1793587419","https://openalex.org/W2006548870","https://openalex.org/W2051298781","https://openalex.org/W2170504163","https://openalex.org/W2797986038","https://openalex.org/W2885615224","https://openalex.org/W2896006789","https://openalex.org/W2920929521","https://openalex.org/W2955547324","https://openalex.org/W2964532074"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3197974508","https://openalex.org/W3106928028","https://openalex.org/W4296295652","https://openalex.org/W3174649759","https://openalex.org/W7018971281","https://openalex.org/W3092652983","https://openalex.org/W4407410880","https://openalex.org/W4391709933","https://openalex.org/W4315778454","https://openalex.org/W2587025994"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Criminal":[0],"law's":[1],"efficient":[2],"and":[3,21,54,150,163,222,225],"accurate":[4],"administration":[5],"depends":[6],"to":[7,16,46,77,86,106,175,201,208,213,255],"a":[8,87,123,209,253],"considerable":[9],"extent":[10],"on":[11,143],"the":[12,37,44,48,63,67,79,98,103,144,157,161,164,170,176,180,194,202,228,234,243,246,250,257,260],"ability":[13],"of":[14,25,57,69,81,90,111,116,120,128,132,146,160,166,178,227,245,252,259],"decision-makers":[15],"identify":[17],"unique":[18],"individuals,":[19],"circumstances":[20],"events":[22,30],"as":[23,29,122,174,183],"instances":[24],"abstract":[26],"terms":[27],"(such":[28],"raising":[31,172],"'reasonable":[32],"suspicion')":[33],"laid":[34],"out":[35],"in":[36,75,92,134,138],"legal":[38],"framework.":[39],"Automated":[40],"Facial":[41],"Recognition":[42],"has":[43],"potential":[45],"revolutionise":[47],"identification":[49,195],"process,":[50],"facilitate":[51],"crime":[52],"detection,":[53],"eliminate":[55],"misidentification":[56],"suspects.":[58],"This":[59],"paper":[60],"commences":[61],"from":[62],"recent":[64],"decision":[65],"regarding":[66,179,219],"deployment":[68],"AFR":[70,91,121,133,141,232],"by":[71,156,192],"South":[72],"Wales":[73],"Police":[74],"order":[76],"discuss":[78],"lack":[80],"underpinning":[82],"conceptual":[83],"framework":[84,254],"pertinent":[85],"broader":[88],"consideration":[89],"other":[93,107],"contexts.":[94],"We":[95,113],"conclude":[96],"that":[97,236],"judgment":[99],"does":[100],"not":[101],"give":[102],"green":[104],"light":[105],"fact":[108],"sensitive":[109],"deployments":[110],"AFR.":[112],"consider":[114],"two":[115],"these:":[117],"a)":[118],"use":[119,131],"trigger":[124],"for":[125,187],"intervention":[126],"short":[127],"arrest;":[129],"b)":[130],"an":[135,184],"evidential":[136],"context":[137],"criminal":[139],"proceedings.":[140],"may":[142],"face":[145],"it":[147],"appear":[148],"objective":[149],"sufficient,":[151],"but":[152],"this":[153],"is":[154,212],"belied":[155],"probabilistic":[158],"nature":[159],"output,":[162],"building":[165],"certain":[167],"values":[168],"into":[169],"tool,":[171],"questions":[173],"justifiability":[177],"tool's":[181],"output":[182],"'objective'":[185],"ground":[186],"reasonable":[188],"suspicion.":[189],"The":[190],"means":[191],"which":[193],"took":[196],"place":[197],"must":[198],"be":[199,214],"disclosed":[200],"defence,":[203],"if":[204],"Article":[205],"6":[206],"right":[207],"fair":[210],"trial":[211],"upheld,":[215],"together":[216],"with":[217,262],"information":[218],"disregarded":[220],"'matches'":[221],"error":[223],"rates":[224],"uncertainties":[226],"system":[229],"itself.":[230],"Furthermore,":[231],"raises":[233],"risk":[235],"scientific":[237],"or":[238],"algorithmic":[239],"findings":[240],"could":[241],"usurp":[242],"role":[244],"legitimate":[247],"decision-maker,":[248],"necessitating":[249],"development":[251],"protect":[256],"position":[258],"human":[261],"decision-making":[263],"prerogative.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2020-01-23T00:00:00"}
