{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2999100740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2019.109","title":"The Right of Private Defence under the Indian Penal Code, 1860","display_name":"The Right of Private Defence under the Indian Penal Code, 1860","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2999100740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2019.109","mag":"2999100740"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21638/spbu14.2019.109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2019.109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2019.109","pdf_url":"https://lawjournal.spbu.ru/article/download/4621/4097","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210203493","display_name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Law","issn_l":"2074-1243","issn":["2074-1243","2587-5833"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312746","host_organization_name":"Saint Petersburg State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312746"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Saint Petersburg State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://lawjournal.spbu.ru/article/download/4621/4097","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057871797","display_name":"Elena N. Trikoz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-480X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-480X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126527374","display_name":"Peoples' Friendship University of Russia","ror":"https://ror.org/02dn9h927","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126527374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184139950","display_name":"Moscow State Institute of International Relations","ror":"https://ror.org/04zn7jb34","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184139950"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elena N. Trikoz","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, 119454, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440. \u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, 76; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, 117198, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u0443\u043b. \u041c\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0443\u0445\u043e-\u041c\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u044f, 6","\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, 119454, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440. \u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, 76","\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, 117198, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u0443\u043b. \u041c\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0443\u0445\u043e-\u041c\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u044f, 6"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, 119454, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440. \u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, 76; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, 117198, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u0443\u043b. \u041c\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0443\u0445\u043e-\u041c\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u044f, 6","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126527374"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, 119454, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440. \u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, 76","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184139950"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, 117198, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u0443\u043b. \u041c\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0443\u0445\u043e-\u041c\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u044f, 6","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126527374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057871797"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126527374","https://openalex.org/I184139950"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0767,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9102098,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"124","last_page":"135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12982","display_name":"Legal principles and applications","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-defense","display_name":"self-defense","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indian-penal-code-1860","display_name":"Indian Penal Code 1860","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proportionality","display_name":"proportionality","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judicial-interpretation","display_name":"judicial interpretation","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indian-criminal-law","display_name":"Indian criminal law","score":0.593999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5423946380615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4374047815799713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.34931206703186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.33605480194091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3197306990623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.22114381194114685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.06829634308815002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21638/spbu14.2019.109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2019.109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2019.109","pdf_url":"https://lawjournal.spbu.ru/article/download/4621/4097","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210203493","display_name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Law","issn_l":"2074-1243","issn":["2074-1243","2587-5833"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312746","host_organization_name":"Saint Petersburg State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312746"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Saint Petersburg State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.spbu.ru:11701/15772","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11701/15772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402062","display_name":"Research Repository Saint Petersburg State University (Saint Petersburg State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172901346","host_organization_name":"St Petersburg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172901346"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21638/spbu14.2019.109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2019.109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2019.109","pdf_url":"https://lawjournal.spbu.ru/article/download/4621/4097","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210203493","display_name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Law","issn_l":"2074-1243","issn":["2074-1243","2587-5833"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312746","host_organization_name":"Saint Petersburg State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312746"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Saint Petersburg State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999100740.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999100740.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497508068","https://openalex.org/W1580426947","https://openalex.org/W2795770376"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6925115239","https://openalex.org/W2496128131","https://openalex.org/W4225748914","https://openalex.org/W7151901098","https://openalex.org/W4295168339","https://openalex.org/W7216962446","https://openalex.org/W3124738595","https://openalex.org/W4246062907","https://openalex.org/W2000518821","https://openalex.org/W2231968034"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,81],"complex":[1],"institute":[2,18,63,252],"of":[3,26,31,68,78,84,92,103,128,136,139,166,225,229,232,240,250,261,267],"Private":[4,85],"Defence":[5,86],"(self-defence)":[6],"in":[7,13,21,37,52,89,132,156,221,237,264,274],"Indian":[8,28,54,152],"criminal":[9,76],"law":[10,58],"was":[11,19],"codified":[12],"the":[14,27,38,45,50,53,61,66,75,79,101,116,121,134,140,151,164,175,198,213,222,226,230,238,241,251,258,262,265],"colonial":[15],"period.":[16],"This":[17],"included":[20],"Chapter":[22],"IV":[23],"\u201cGeneral":[24],"Exceptions\u201d":[25],"Penal":[29,153],"Code":[30],"1860,":[32],"which":[33,70,133],"continues":[34],"to":[35,49,65,97,100,144,163,174,179,186],"operate":[36],"modern":[39],"period":[40],"with":[41],"some":[42],"changes":[43],"and":[44,55,105,110,120,125,244,257],"judicial":[46],"interpretation.":[47],"According":[48],"classification":[51],"all":[56],"common":[57],"countries":[59],"doctrine,":[60],"self-defense":[62],"belongs":[64],"category":[67],"justifications,":[69],"excluding":[71],"unlawfulness":[72],"and,":[73],"accordingly,":[74],"nature":[77],"conduct.":[80],"IPC":[82],"Right":[83],"is":[87,160,200,253],"regulated":[88],"three":[90],"blocks":[91],"legal":[93],"norms":[94,228],"(section":[95],"96":[96],"106)":[98],"relating":[99],"defence":[102,138,234],"person":[104],"property.":[106],"Among":[107],"them":[108],"definitions":[109],"general":[111],"provisions":[112],"on":[113],"private":[114,137,233],"protection,":[115],"conditions":[117],"for":[118,192],"legitimacy":[119],"self-defence":[122,273],"excess":[123],"(timeliness":[124],"proportionality),":[126],"restriction":[127],"this":[129,187],"right,":[130],"situations":[131],"right":[135,231],"body":[141],"extends":[142],"even":[143,208],"causing":[145],"death":[146],"or":[147,204],"other":[148,205],"harm.":[149],"In":[150],"Code,":[154],"unlike":[155],"most":[157],"countries,":[158],"there":[159],"an":[161],"exception":[162],"rule":[165],"proportionality:":[167],"harm":[168],"can":[169],"be":[170],"caused":[171],"not":[172,184,216],"only":[173],"attacker":[176],"but":[177],"also":[178],"third":[180],"parties":[181],"who":[182],"are":[183,235],"related":[185],"dangerous":[188],"encroachment.":[189],"Another":[190],"condition":[191],"legality":[193],"has":[194],"become":[195],"cases":[196],"where":[197],"defense":[199],"directed":[201],"against":[202,212],"officials":[203],"authorized":[206],"persons,":[207],"if":[209],"their":[210],"actions":[211],"defender":[214],"did":[215],"have":[217],"a":[218],"basis":[219],"specified":[220],"law.":[223],"Most":[224],"explanatory":[227],"contained":[236],"practice":[239],"federal":[242],"supreme":[243],"highest":[245],"state":[246],"courts.":[247],"A":[248],"feature":[249],"its":[254],"social":[255],"orientation":[256],"active":[259],"position":[260],"court":[263],"matter":[266],"establishing":[268],"such":[269],"exceptional":[270],"circumstances":[271],"as":[272],"each":[275],"specific":[276],"case.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2020-01-23T00:00:00"}