{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2999080782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.3.24","title":"Causal Relationship Between Air Transport and Economic Growth: Evidence from Panel Data for High, Upper-Middle, Lower-Middle and Low-Income Countries","display_name":"Causal Relationship Between Air Transport and Economic Growth: Evidence from Panel Data for High, Upper-Middle, Lower-Middle and Low-Income Countries","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2999080782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.3.24","mag":"2999080782"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.3.24","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.3.24","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.3.24","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.3.24","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174076","display_name":"Khazar journal of humanities and social sciences","issn_l":"2223-2613","issn":["2223-2613","2223-2621"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.3.24","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081077086","display_name":"Kas\u0131m K\u0130RACI","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2061-171X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2061-171X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155859","display_name":"\u0130skenderun Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/052nzqz14","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155859"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kas\u0131m Kirac\u0131","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iskenderun Technical University, Hatay, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iskenderun Technical University, Hatay, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155859"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055873603","display_name":"Mahmut Bak\u0131r","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-4987","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-4987"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133743585","display_name":"Anadolu University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nz37n09","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133743585"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahmut Bak\u0131r","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anadolu University, Eski\u015fehir, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anadolu University, Eski\u015fehir, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133743585"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055873603"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133743585"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5383,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78223776,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"24","last_page":"43"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11599","display_name":"Aviation Industry Analysis and Trends","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11599","display_name":"Aviation Industry Analysis and Trends","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.013799999840557575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11770","display_name":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","score":0.012199999764561653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-transport","display_name":"airline industry","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"causality","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-level","display_name":"income level","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-income-countries","display_name":"high-income countries","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income-countries","display_name":"low-income countries","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gross-domestic-product","display_name":"gross domestic product","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-and-development","display_name":"transport and development","score":0.4740000069141388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6282176375389099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6118035316467285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5971888303756714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991659908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241588","display_name":"Middle income","level":2,"score":0.5839855074882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987236452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765633","display_name":"Air transport","level":2,"score":0.5695398449897766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.5669220685958862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993767641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4994367","display_name":"High income countries","level":3,"score":0.426618754863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3574352264404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.3292900025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.31576070189476013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.16051000356674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.3.24","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.3.24","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.3.24","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.3.24","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174076","display_name":"Khazar journal of humanities and social sciences","issn_l":"2223-2613","issn":["2223-2613","2223-2621"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:localhost:20.500.12323/4134","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/4134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196472","display_name":"Khazar University Institutional Repository (Khazar University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I113330528","host_organization_name":"Khazar University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113330528"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.3.24","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.3.24","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.3.24","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.3.24","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174076","display_name":"Khazar journal of humanities and social sciences","issn_l":"2223-2613","issn":["2223-2613","2223-2621"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9211000204086304,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999080782.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999080782.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590024166","https://openalex.org/W1966778469","https://openalex.org/W1969500443","https://openalex.org/W1994529751","https://openalex.org/W2008660150","https://openalex.org/W2009475010","https://openalex.org/W2014006441","https://openalex.org/W2033787711","https://openalex.org/W2037875185","https://openalex.org/W2060143536","https://openalex.org/W2067402622","https://openalex.org/W2077719312","https://openalex.org/W2078213728","https://openalex.org/W2079222894","https://openalex.org/W2099182003","https://openalex.org/W2100159459","https://openalex.org/W2123136623","https://openalex.org/W2125537733","https://openalex.org/W2144062958","https://openalex.org/W2184180912","https://openalex.org/W2516786807","https://openalex.org/W2521003536","https://openalex.org/W2553200457","https://openalex.org/W2613541934","https://openalex.org/W2917055956","https://openalex.org/W2947272859","https://openalex.org/W2947693772","https://openalex.org/W4210470468","https://openalex.org/W4254796933","https://openalex.org/W4295350874","https://openalex.org/W6607510496"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4405987139","https://openalex.org/W6930668165","https://openalex.org/W4413883593","https://openalex.org/W2785868276","https://openalex.org/W2521003536","https://openalex.org/W4390086793","https://openalex.org/W2335224343","https://openalex.org/W4318480992","https://openalex.org/W3010902098","https://openalex.org/W3109356323"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"aims":[2],"to":[3,52,103,109],"find":[4],"out":[5],"the":[6,34,41,61,94,113],"causal":[7,98],"relationship":[8],"between":[9],"air":[10,88,104,107],"transport":[11,105,108],"and":[12,28,56,69,106],"economic":[13],"growth":[14],"based":[15],"on":[16,40,87],"income":[17,54,114],"level.":[18],"To":[19],"this":[20,37],"end,":[21],"selected":[22],"countries":[23,48],"with":[24],"high-income,":[25],"uppermiddle-income,":[26],"lower-middle-income,":[27],"low-income":[29],"levels":[30,55],"were":[31,49,57,74],"included":[32],"in":[33],"analyses":[35],"for":[36],"study.":[38],"Focusing":[39],"1990-2016":[42],"period,":[43],"a":[44,82],"total":[45],"of":[46,85,116],"70":[47],"classified":[50],"according":[51],"their":[53],"analyzed":[58],"empirically.":[59],"In":[60],"study,":[62],"panel":[63],"causality":[64],"analyzes":[65],"by":[66,112],"K\u00f3nya":[67],"(2006)":[68],"Emirmahmuto\u011flu":[70],"&":[71],"K\u00f6se":[72],"(2011)":[73],"used.":[75],"Our":[76],"findings":[77],"show":[78],"that":[79,93],"GDP":[80,102,110],"has":[81],"certain":[83],"degree":[84],"effect":[86],"transport.":[89],"They":[90],"also":[91],"indicate":[92],"unidirectional":[95],"or":[96],"bidirectional":[97],"relationships":[99],"running":[100],"from":[101],"vary":[111],"level":[115],"countries.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2020-01-23T00:00:00"}
