{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2998950436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-835-2021","title":"Estimating fractional snow cover from passive microwave brightness temperature data using MODIS snow cover product over North America","display_name":"Estimating fractional snow cover from passive microwave brightness temperature data using MODIS snow cover product over North America","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2998950436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-835-2021","mag":"2998950436"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/tc-15-835-2021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-835-2021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-835-2021","pdf_url":"https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/835/2021/tc-15-835-2021.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169796457","display_name":"The Cryosphere","issn_l":"1994-0416","issn":["1994-0416","1994-0424"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313756","host_organization_name":"Copernicus Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313756"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Copernicus Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Cryosphere","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/835/2021/tc-15-835-2021.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024399795","display_name":"Xiongxin Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5230-8160","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5230-8160"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiongxin Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan\nUniversity, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5230-8160","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan\nUniversity, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054276054","display_name":"Shunlin Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2708-9183","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2708-9183"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunlin Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College\nPark, MD 20742, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2708-9183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College\nPark, MD 20742, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040062050","display_name":"Tao He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2079-7988","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2079-7988"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan\nUniversity, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2079-7988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan\nUniversity, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024533687","display_name":"Daiqiang Wu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daiqiang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan\nUniversity, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan\nUniversity, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Congyuan Pei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Congyuan Pei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan\nUniversity, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan\nUniversity, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100574336","display_name":"Jianya Gong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianya Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan\nUniversity, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan\nUniversity, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024399795","https://openalex.org/A5040062050"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":1460,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1574},"apc_paid":{"value":1460,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1574},"fwci":1.9701,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85795209,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"835","last_page":"861"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractional-snow-cover","display_name":"fractional snow cover","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passive-microwave-brightness-temperature","display_name":"passive microwave brightness temperature","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modis-snow-cover-product","display_name":"MODIS snow cover product","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest-regression","display_name":"random forest regression","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/north-america","display_name":"North America","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow-cover-time-series","display_name":"snow cover time series","score":0.6000000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.7262604832649231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7251818776130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777007095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676840","display_name":"Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer","level":3,"score":0.6851058602333069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6039646863937378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53802167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4538627","display_name":"Brightness temperature","level":3,"score":0.5570011138916016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.49732378125190735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4799092710018158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4659992456436157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983043445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow cover","level":3,"score":0.4500296115875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.37814396619796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17704075574874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5194/tc-15-835-2021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-835-2021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-835-2021","pdf_url":"https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/835/2021/tc-15-835-2021.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169796457","display_name":"The Cryosphere","issn_l":"1994-0416","issn":["1994-0416","1994-0424"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313756","host_organization_name":"Copernicus Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313756"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Copernicus Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Cryosphere","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.5194/tc-2019-280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-280","pdf_url":"https://tc.copernicus.org/preprints/tc-2019-280/tc-2019-280.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2ea204a380d3414b8a4a7150fb6f5dca","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2ea204a380d3414b8a4a7150fb6f5dca","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Cryosphere, Vol 15, Pp 835-861 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/tc-15-835-2021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-835-2021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-835-2021","pdf_url":"https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/835/2021/tc-15-835-2021.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169796457","display_name":"The Cryosphere","issn_l":"1994-0416","issn":["1994-0416","1994-0424"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313756","host_organization_name":"Copernicus Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313756"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Copernicus Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Cryosphere","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.5351999998092651}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1925888643","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFA0600102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5306331629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFA0600102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6194849069","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41771379","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","funder_display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G779604867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFA0600103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8719072453","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u9759\u6b62\u536b\u661f\u7684\u5730\u8868\u53cd\u7167\u7387\u53cd\u6f14\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u533a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u6548\u5e94\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41771379","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8930261513","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFA0600103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G967177310","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42090012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2998950436.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2998950436.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":131,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493079155","https://openalex.org/W1501750274","https://openalex.org/W1517521097","https://openalex.org/W1521627754","https://openalex.org/W1533551908","https://openalex.org/W1554190159","https://openalex.org/W1565635109","https://openalex.org/W1567296274","https://openalex.org/W1569512666","https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1580493526","https://openalex.org/W1665675053","https://openalex.org/W1942135831","https://openalex.org/W1969732328","https://openalex.org/W1969866052","https://openalex.org/W1972045259","https://openalex.org/W1977629298","https://openalex.org/W1987288027","https://openalex.org/W1987882549","https://openalex.org/W1987924734","https://openalex.org/W1996061706","https://openalex.org/W1996875821","https://openalex.org/W2000703424","https://openalex.org/W2002732637","https://openalex.org/W2005854436","https://openalex.org/W2009358078","https://openalex.org/W2017159527","https://openalex.org/W2018627383","https://openalex.org/W2020869550","https://openalex.org/W2022106079","https://openalex.org/W2026990829","https://openalex.org/W2028269087","https://openalex.org/W2029604816","https://openalex.org/W2030345151","https://openalex.org/W2032930731","https://openalex.org/W2033902660","https://openalex.org/W2039708501","https://openalex.org/W2042950540","https://openalex.org/W2043802636","https://openalex.org/W2046084401","https://openalex.org/W2048445178","https://openalex.org/W2061688579","https://openalex.org/W2063544218","https://openalex.org/W2064249102","https://openalex.org/W2070638918","https://openalex.org/W2070904642","https://openalex.org/W2074418666","https://openalex.org/W2079797871","https://openalex.org/W2084187322","https://openalex.org/W2087837963","https://openalex.org/W2093223324","https://openalex.org/W2093839045","https://openalex.org/W2095539212","https://openalex.org/W2102201073","https://openalex.org/W2103497845","https://openalex.org/W2107118194","https://openalex.org/W2115713536","https://openalex.org/W2125368795","https://openalex.org/W2131010628","https://openalex.org/W2132424470","https://openalex.org/W2135266624","https://openalex.org/W2135893370","https://openalex.org/W2142800341","https://openalex.org/W2144546429","https://openalex.org/W2146142499","https://openalex.org/W2152509385","https://openalex.org/W2156739270","https://openalex.org/W2157026492","https://openalex.org/W2157781874","https://openalex.org/W2162911451","https://openalex.org/W2167422632","https://openalex.org/W2169973869","https://openalex.org/W2180748755","https://openalex.org/W2221376693","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2286825134","https://openalex.org/W2312680109","https://openalex.org/W2343256741","https://openalex.org/W2408996602","https://openalex.org/W2433398639","https://openalex.org/W2461785582","https://openalex.org/W2523182979","https://openalex.org/W2562602163","https://openalex.org/W2566631835","https://openalex.org/W2589003880","https://openalex.org/W2620204744","https://openalex.org/W2759381486","https://openalex.org/W2760849513","https://openalex.org/W2766439007","https://openalex.org/W2768825742","https://openalex.org/W2774855798","https://openalex.org/W2777424795","https://openalex.org/W2781710633","https://openalex.org/W2790063226","https://openalex.org/W2792886864","https://openalex.org/W2793938331","https://openalex.org/W2794628806","https://openalex.org/W2800907055","https://openalex.org/W2810160223","https://openalex.org/W2887579410","https://openalex.org/W2888347400","https://openalex.org/W2896964948","https://openalex.org/W2898057761","https://openalex.org/W2898424106","https://openalex.org/W2900475386","https://openalex.org/W2900514107","https://openalex.org/W2901710222","https://openalex.org/W2902730476","https://openalex.org/W2903282641","https://openalex.org/W2904606389","https://openalex.org/W2905822382","https://openalex.org/W2910925492","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2922856776","https://openalex.org/W2935123785","https://openalex.org/W2935933488","https://openalex.org/W2937079534","https://openalex.org/W2939104056","https://openalex.org/W2949759668","https://openalex.org/W2951071460","https://openalex.org/W2953978338","https://openalex.org/W2978836188","https://openalex.org/W2999585470","https://openalex.org/W3080987749","https://openalex.org/W4245774710","https://openalex.org/W6630226126","https://openalex.org/W6719463854","https://openalex.org/W6892075520","https://openalex.org/W6948253224","https://openalex.org/W6958857181","https://openalex.org/W6977428404"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3214162320","https://openalex.org/W2155880082","https://openalex.org/W1987882549","https://openalex.org/W4297093781","https://openalex.org/W2774855798","https://openalex.org/W2125368795","https://openalex.org/W1990226794","https://openalex.org/W2800907055","https://openalex.org/W2763046418","https://openalex.org/W1653393926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,216,245,335],"dynamic":[1],"characteristics":[2,43],"of":[3,44,72,88,176,221,237,250,295,329],"seasonal":[4],"snow":[5,37,45,74,112,144,158,178,225,246,270,277,296,331,352,365],"cover":[6,75,113,145,159,206,226,247,271,278,297,332,353,366],"are":[7,62],"critical":[8],"for":[9,30,203],"hydrology":[10],"management,":[11],"the":[12,16,42,95,136,155,162,180,185,219,222,232,251,274,293,302,314,327],"climate":[13],"system,":[14],"and":[15,33,67,121,130,149,170,194,211,313],"ecosystem":[17],"functions.":[18],"Optical":[19],"satellite":[20,60],"remote":[21],"sensing":[22],"has":[23],"proven":[24],"to":[25,53,100,109,153,243,311,324,349],"be":[26,54,347],"an":[27],"effective":[28],"tool":[29],"monitoring":[31],"global":[32],"regional":[34],"variations":[35],"in":[36,117,165,230,280,292,355,364],"cover.":[38],"However,":[39],"accurately":[40],"capturing":[41],"dynamics":[46],"at":[47,84],"a":[48,85,361],"finer":[49],"spatiotemporal":[50],"resolution":[51,87],"continues":[52],"problematic":[55],"as":[56,161],"observations":[57,164,259],"from":[58,76,241,273],"optical":[59],"sensors":[61],"greatly":[63],"impacted":[64],"by":[65,306,319],"clouds":[66],"solar":[68],"illumination.":[69],"Traditional":[70],"methods":[71],"mapping":[73],"passive":[77,102,340],"microwave":[78,103,341],"data":[79,106,160,202,344],"only":[80],"provide":[81],"binary":[82,269],"information":[83],"spatial":[86],"25":[89],"km.":[90],"This":[91],"innovative":[92],"study":[93],"applies":[94],"random":[96],"forest":[97],"regression":[98,197],"technique":[99],"enhanced-resolution":[101],"brightness":[104,342],"temperature":[105,343],"(6.25":[107],"km)":[108],"estimate":[110,350],"fractional":[111,157,177,224,276,330,351],"over":[114],"North":[115],"America":[116],"winter":[118],"months":[119],"(January":[120],"February).":[122],"Many":[123],"influential":[124],"factors,":[125],"including":[126],"land":[127,205],"cover,":[128,179],"topography,":[129],"location":[131],"information,":[132],"were":[133,151],"incorporated":[134],"into":[135],"retrieval":[137,182,358],"models.":[138],"Moderate":[139],"Resolution":[140],"Imaging":[141],"Spectroradiometer":[142],"(MODIS)":[143],"products":[146],"between":[147],"2008":[148],"2017":[150],"used":[152,348],"create":[154],"reference":[156],"\u201ctrue\u201d":[163],"this":[166,357],"study.":[167],"Although":[168],"overestimating":[169],"underestimating":[171],"around":[172],"two":[173],"extreme":[174],"values":[175],"proposed":[181,252],"algorithm":[183,253],"outperformed":[184],"other":[186],"three":[187],"approaches":[188],"(linear":[189],"regression,":[190],"artificial":[191],"neural":[192],"networks,":[193],"multivariate":[195],"adaptive":[196],"splines)":[198],"using":[199,227,256,299],"independent":[200,228],"test":[201],"all":[204],"classes":[207],"with":[208,260,283],"higher":[209],"accuracy":[210,294,304],"no":[212],"out-of-range":[213],"estimated":[214,223,275],"values.":[215],"method":[217],"enabled":[218],"evaluation":[220,238],"datasets,":[229],"which":[231],"root":[233],"mean":[234],"square":[235],"error":[236,316],"results":[239,337],"ranged":[240],"0.189":[242],"0.221.":[244],"detection":[248],"capability":[249],"was":[254,279,289,317,333],"validated":[255],"meteorological":[257],"station":[258],"more":[261],"than":[262],"310":[263],"000":[264],"records.":[265],"We":[266],"found":[267],"that":[268,339,356],"obtained":[272],"good":[281],"agreement":[282],"ground":[284],"measurements":[285],"(kappa:":[286],"0.67).":[287],"There":[288],"significant":[290],"improvement":[291],"identification":[298],"our":[300],"algorithm;":[301],"overall":[303],"increased":[305],"18":[307],"%":[308,321],"(from":[309,322],"0.71":[310],"0.84),":[312],"omission":[315],"reduced":[318],"71":[320],"0.48":[323],"0.14)":[325],"when":[326],"threshold":[328],"0.3.":[334],"experimental":[336],"show":[338],"may":[345],"potentially":[346],"directly":[354],"strategy":[359],"offers":[360],"competitive":[362],"advantage":[363],"detection.":[367]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2020-01-23T00:00:00"}