{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2997915725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000001465","title":"A Review of the Use of Confidence Intervals for Bland\u2010Altman Limits of Agreement in Optometry and Vision Science","display_name":"A Review of the Use of Confidence Intervals for Bland\u2010Altman Limits of Agreement in Optometry and Vision Science","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2997915725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000001465","mag":"2997915725","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31895271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000001465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000001465","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000001465","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45696439","display_name":"Optometry and Vision Science","issn_l":"1040-5488","issn":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optometry and Vision Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042324005","display_name":"Andrew Carkeet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4629-3182","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4629-3182"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Carkeet","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optometry and Vision Science Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove Queensland Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optometry and Vision Science Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove Queensland Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042324005"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6598,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75139978,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"97","issue":"1","first_page":"3","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bland-altman-limits-of-agreement","display_name":"Bland-Altman agreement","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidence-intervals","display_name":"confidence intervals","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exact-confidence-limits","display_name":"exact confidence limits","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-sample-size","display_name":"small sample size","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agreement-analysis","display_name":"agreement analysis","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/method-agreement","display_name":"measurement agreement","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bland-altman-plot","display_name":"Bland-Altman plot","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spreadsheet-calculations","display_name":"spreadsheet calculations","score":0.4909999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018577593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470749","display_name":"Limits of agreement","level":2,"score":0.9387220144271851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.8443247675895691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143310123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q881473","display_name":"Bland\u2013Altman plot","level":3,"score":0.7910996675491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5357216000556946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4315708577632904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190729725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5012817","display_name":"CLs upper limits","level":2,"score":0.42928147315979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.33367133140563965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3325157165527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.138764888048172}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009907","descriptor_name":"Optometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016001","descriptor_name":"Confidence Intervals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D036301","descriptor_name":"Qualitative Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000001465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000001465","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000001465","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45696439","display_name":"Optometry and Vision Science","issn_l":"1040-5488","issn":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optometry and Vision Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31895271","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31895271","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4043000042438507,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1833093522","https://openalex.org/W1975330336","https://openalex.org/W2003169355","https://openalex.org/W2008042216","https://openalex.org/W2010728422","https://openalex.org/W2015243198","https://openalex.org/W2015795623","https://openalex.org/W2040106273","https://openalex.org/W2044111664","https://openalex.org/W2052390590","https://openalex.org/W2063885316","https://openalex.org/W2123033778","https://openalex.org/W2143660976","https://openalex.org/W2159759971","https://openalex.org/W2171446894","https://openalex.org/W2179289236","https://openalex.org/W2235134521","https://openalex.org/W2291014209","https://openalex.org/W2322792877","https://openalex.org/W2322807564","https://openalex.org/W2336494512","https://openalex.org/W2337647434","https://openalex.org/W2341596034","https://openalex.org/W2398474773","https://openalex.org/W2410715477","https://openalex.org/W2411250888","https://openalex.org/W2415293629","https://openalex.org/W2424474369","https://openalex.org/W2465692541","https://openalex.org/W2470463854","https://openalex.org/W2492309767","https://openalex.org/W2510294161","https://openalex.org/W2516433008","https://openalex.org/W2516942889","https://openalex.org/W2517079167","https://openalex.org/W2518012683","https://openalex.org/W2522353361","https://openalex.org/W2523467073","https://openalex.org/W2526800938","https://openalex.org/W2530685987","https://openalex.org/W2547695179","https://openalex.org/W2548207152","https://openalex.org/W2556554262","https://openalex.org/W2561352652","https://openalex.org/W2562731259","https://openalex.org/W2563799610","https://openalex.org/W2605861402","https://openalex.org/W2606508055","https://openalex.org/W2606629146","https://openalex.org/W2611924992","https://openalex.org/W2619025965","https://openalex.org/W2736657541","https://openalex.org/W2737790309","https://openalex.org/W2747362150","https://openalex.org/W2748856761","https://openalex.org/W2750973046","https://openalex.org/W2752844091","https://openalex.org/W2781227514","https://openalex.org/W2790664976","https://openalex.org/W2792376917","https://openalex.org/W2793502828","https://openalex.org/W2793943562","https://openalex.org/W2802059084","https://openalex.org/W2803522737","https://openalex.org/W2804819418","https://openalex.org/W2811174544","https://openalex.org/W2871324172","https://openalex.org/W2887754901","https://openalex.org/W2887986123","https://openalex.org/W2889027410","https://openalex.org/W2894813983","https://openalex.org/W2898076909","https://openalex.org/W2908493352"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2322807564","https://openalex.org/W2516433008","https://openalex.org/W2171446894","https://openalex.org/W6959065649","https://openalex.org/W7098538551","https://openalex.org/W6902196980","https://openalex.org/W2040106273","https://openalex.org/W6902086702","https://openalex.org/W2806504305","https://openalex.org/W2010728422"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SIGNIFICANCE:":[0],"Confidence":[1],"intervals":[2,47,142,186],"are":[3,15,173],"still":[4],"seldom":[5,44],"reported":[6,98,117],"for":[7,38,48,66,120,143,167,175],"Bland-Altman":[8,29,104,168,181],"95%":[9],"limits":[10,30,49,119,121,144,166,169],"of":[11,18,31,50,73,114,122,125,140,145,170],"agreement.":[12,51],"When":[13],"they":[14],"reported,":[16],"50%":[17,24],"articles":[19,96],"use":[20,25,45,56,103],"approximate":[21,136],"methods":[22,129],"and":[23,59,71,80,130,134,151,179],"exact":[26,128,164],"methods.":[27],"PURPOSE:":[28],"agreement":[32,146],"can":[33],"be":[34],"unreliable":[35],"estimates,":[36],"especially":[37],"small":[39],"sample":[40,106],"sizes.":[41],"However,":[42],"authors":[43],"confidence":[46,118,141,165,185],"This":[52],"article":[53,116],"reviews":[54],"their":[55],"in":[57,149,162],"Optometry":[58,79,150],"Vision":[60,81,152],"Science.":[61],"METHODS:":[62],"A":[63],"keyword":[64],"search":[65],"\"Bland,\"":[67],"\"Altman,\"":[68],"\"Bland-Altman,\"":[69],"\"LoA,\"":[70],"\"limits":[72],"agreement\"":[74],"was":[75],"conducted":[76],"on":[77],"the":[78,177,184],"Science":[82,153],"website":[83],"within":[84],"a":[85],"time":[86],"range":[87],"from":[88,109,157],"January":[89],"2016":[90],"to":[91,102,111],"December":[92],"2018.":[93],"RESULTS:":[94],"Fifty":[95],"were":[97,100],"or":[99],"judged":[101],"analysis;":[105],"sizes":[107],"ranged":[108],"3":[110],"2072.":[112],"Eight":[113],"these":[115],"agreement,":[123,171],"four":[124,131],"which":[126],"used":[127,132],"Bland":[133],"Altman's":[135],"method.":[137],"CONCLUSIONS:":[138],"Use":[139],"has":[147],"increased":[148],"but":[154],"is":[155],"far":[156],"universal.":[158],"To":[159],"assist":[160],"researchers":[161],"calculating":[163],"spreadsheets":[172],"included":[174],"performing":[176],"calculations":[178],"generating":[180],"plots":[182],"with":[183],"included.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2020-01-10T00:00:00"}
