{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2997728757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz065","title":"Randomization by Cluster, But Analysis by Individual Without Accommodating Clustering in the Analysis Is Incorrect: Comment","display_name":"Randomization by Cluster, But Analysis by Individual Without Accommodating Clustering in the Analysis Is Incorrect: Comment","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2997728757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz065","mag":"2997728757","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31880299"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/abm/kaz065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92688875","display_name":"Annals of Behavioral Medicine","issn_l":"0742-5554","issn":["0742-5554","0883-6612","1532-4796"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Behavioral Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"letter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013952864","display_name":"Carmen D. Tekwe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1857-2416","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1857-2416"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carmen D Tekwe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1857-2416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062622249","display_name":"David B. Allison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3566-9399","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3566-9399","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6047-2603","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-4265"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David B Allison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013952864"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"],"apc_list":{"value":4433,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4433},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"2","first_page":"139","last_page":"139"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.8651999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.8651999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.048500001430511475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.011599999852478504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlated-data","display_name":"correlated data","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance-estimation","display_name":"variance estimation","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-effects-models","display_name":"mixed models","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intention-to-treat-analysis","display_name":"intention-to-treat analysis","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise","display_name":"physical activity","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obesity","display_name":"obesity","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fathers-and-daughters","display_name":"fathers and daughters","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-intervention","display_name":"family intervention","score":0.4909999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.624251663684845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.5900206565856934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176400912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3058662","display_name":"Cluster randomised controlled trial","level":3,"score":0.4519176781177521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204243189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363085","display_name":"Randomization","level":3,"score":0.4337884485721588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155164915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403186","display_name":"Health psychology","level":3,"score":0.42799222469329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41308194398880005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3952358365058899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.38002777099609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34516605734825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.30898645520210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23903939127922058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20794934034347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.1964157223701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.10831648111343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.10541859269142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005220","descriptor_name":"Fathers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009679","descriptor_name":"Nuclear Family","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011897","descriptor_name":"Random Allocation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015444","descriptor_name":"Exercise","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/abm/kaz065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92688875","display_name":"Annals of Behavioral Medicine","issn_l":"0742-5554","issn":["0742-5554","0883-6612","1532-4796"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Behavioral Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31880299","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31880299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine","raw_type":"Letter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46810001134872437,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084292194","https://openalex.org/W2097334037","https://openalex.org/W2111975985","https://openalex.org/W2905599010"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7113503132","https://openalex.org/W4388813541","https://openalex.org/W7100162872","https://openalex.org/W2559536423","https://openalex.org/W2492746514","https://openalex.org/W1993954293","https://openalex.org/W2130458094","https://openalex.org/W2159012776","https://openalex.org/W2034852282","https://openalex.org/W4253803202"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,164,358],"recently":[1],"read":[2],"the":[3,10,63,130,134,140,149,168,173,186,278,294,303,316,320,349,362,365],"article":[4,22],"by":[5,129,293,348],"Morgan":[6,141],"et":[7,142],"al.":[8],"addressing":[9],"important":[11],"topic":[12],"of":[13,81,105,203,207,267,274,313,322,351,374,376,392],"physical":[14,32,83],"activity":[15,33,84],"and":[16,38,53,68,88,97,137,175,271,382],"obesity":[17],"among":[18,35,86,328],"girls":[19],"[1].":[20],"The":[21,41,78,288],"focused":[23],"on":[24,119,195,209,299,315,353,367],"testing":[25],"a":[26,45,74,200,212],"novel":[27],"program":[28],"designed":[29],"to":[30,132,139,159,172,217,248,264,326,339,361],"increase":[31,327],"levels":[34,85],"fathers/male":[36],"guardians":[37],"their":[39,110],"daughters.":[40],"study":[42,121],"design":[43],"involved":[44],"cluster":[46,161,214],"randomized":[47,60,108,162],"controlled":[48],"trial":[49],"involving":[50],"115":[51],"fathers":[52,87],"153":[54],"daughters":[55],"where":[56,220,277],"family":[57],"units":[58,198,204,237],"were":[59,107,117,127,180,291],"into":[61,109,151],"either":[62,241,249],"Dads":[64],"And":[65],"Daughters":[66],"Exercising":[67],"Empowered":[69],"(DADEE)":[70],"intervention":[71,112,135],"group":[72],"or":[73,244,251],"wait-list":[75],"control":[76],"group.":[77],"primary":[79],"outcome":[80],"interest,":[82],"daughters,":[89],"was":[90,145],"assessed":[91],"at":[92,99,302],"baseline,":[93],"2":[94],"months":[95,101],"post-intervention,":[96],"also":[98],"9":[100],"post-intervention.":[102],"Thus,":[103],"clusters":[104,224,239],"families":[106],"respective":[111],"groups":[113],"while":[114],"longitudinal":[115],"data":[116,192,208,352],"collected":[118,194,222],"all":[120],"participants.":[122],"Intention-to-treat":[123],"mixed":[124],"effects":[125,136,261,276,342],"models":[126],"used":[128,338],"authors":[131,295,363],"determine":[133],"according":[138],"al.,":[143],"paper":[144],"done":[146],"without":[147],"taking":[148],"clustering":[150,260,314],"account.":[152],"This":[153],"would":[154],"be":[155,242],"an":[156],"incorrect":[157,265],"approach":[158],"analyze":[160],"trials.":[163],"therefore":[165,246],"have":[166,389],"contacted":[167],"authors,":[169],"alerted":[170],"them":[171],"issue,":[174],"advised":[176],"that":[177,306,335,387],"different":[178],"analyses":[179,300],"needed":[181],"than":[182,283],"those":[183],"described":[184,292],"in":[185],"published":[187],"article.":[188],"Clustering":[189],"occurs":[190],"when":[191,228],"are":[193,225,286],"multiple":[196,354],"related":[197],"from":[199],"given":[201,213],"set":[202],"[2].":[205],"Collection":[206],"subjects":[210,355],"within":[211,223,238,356],"can":[215,240,262],"lead":[216,263],"correlated":[218],"data,":[219],"observations":[221,231],"more":[226],"similar":[227],"compared":[229],"with":[230],"taken":[232],"across":[233],"clusters.":[234,357],"Correlations":[235],"between":[236],"positive":[243],"negative":[245],"leading":[247],"inflated":[250],"deflated":[252],"estimated":[253],"variances":[254],"[3].":[255],"Not":[256],"accounting":[257],"for":[258,310,345],"potential":[259,311],"estimates":[266],"variances,":[268],"confidence":[269],"intervals,":[270],"biased":[272],"assessments":[273],"treatment":[275,341],"p":[279],"values":[280],"appear":[281],"smaller":[282],"they":[284,388],"really":[285],"[4].":[287],"results":[289],"reported":[290],"as":[296],"being":[297],"based":[298],"performed":[301],"individual":[304],"level":[305],"did":[307],"not":[308],"account":[309,344],"impacts":[312],"statistical":[317,336],"analyses.":[318],"As":[319],"use":[321],"cluster-randomized":[323],"trials":[324],"continues":[325],"public":[329],"health":[330],"researchers,":[331],"it":[332],"is":[333],"imperative":[334],"approaches":[337],"assess":[340],"adequately":[343],"correlations":[346],"induced":[347],"collection":[350],"look":[359],"forward":[360],"correcting":[364],"record":[366],"this":[368],"analysis.":[369],"Author\u2019s":[370],"(or":[371],"Authors\u2019)":[372],"Statement":[373],"Conflict":[375],"Interest":[377],"Authors":[378],"Carmen":[379],"D.":[380],"Tekwe":[381],"David":[383],"B.":[384],"Allison":[385],"declare":[386],"no":[390],"conflict":[391],"interest.":[393]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2020-01-10T00:00:00"}
