{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2997579929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10010270","title":"Numerical Analysis of the Cooling Performance in a 7.2 kW Integrated Bidirectional OBC/LDC Module","display_name":"Numerical Analysis of the Cooling Performance in a 7.2 kW Integrated Bidirectional OBC/LDC Module","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2997579929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10010270","mag":"2997579929"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app10010270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10010270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010270","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/1/270/pdf?version=1577759466","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/1/270/pdf?version=1577759466","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001683856","display_name":"Jung-Hun Noh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0703-2147","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0703-2147"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122368","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8n3s74","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122368"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jung-Hun Noh","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI & Mechanical Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering, Youngin-si 17180, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0703-2147","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI & Mechanical Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering, Youngin-si 17180, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067081742","display_name":"Seong-Il Song","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122368","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8n3s74","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122368"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seong-il Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI & Mechanical Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering, Youngin-si 17180, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI & Mechanical Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering, Youngin-si 17180, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122368"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076240894","display_name":"Deog-Jae Hur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5978-7715","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5978-7715"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122368","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8n3s74","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122368"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Deog-Jae Hur","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI & Mechanical Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering, Youngin-si 17180, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5978-7715","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI & Mechanical Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering, Youngin-si 17180, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122368"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076240894"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122368"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1520},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1520},"fwci":0.1806,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48625355,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"270","last_page":"270"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.9458000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.9458000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Battery Modeling and Management","score":0.02370000071823597,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.015699999406933784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-voltage-dc-dc-converter","display_name":"low-voltage DC-DC converter","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-power-conversion","display_name":"bidirectional power conversion","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle-charging","display_name":"electric vehicle charging","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-power-module","display_name":"integrated power module","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-management","display_name":"thermal management","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-losses","display_name":"power losses","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-flow","display_name":"heat flow","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-modes","display_name":"operating modes","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-temperature","display_name":"internal temperature","score":0.38199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5056297779083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5047992467880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986056383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556030","display_name":"Power flow","level":4,"score":0.4468631148338318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.443809449672699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.439485639333725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.42515021562576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985627981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828827","display_name":"Power loss","level":3,"score":0.41859593987464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.39240753650665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.32442915439605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2781100869178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.20404434204101562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1506437361240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app10010270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10010270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010270","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/1/270/pdf?version=1577759466","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d021e8708a4a49f393861a79a62901f5","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d021e8708a4a49f393861a79a62901f5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 10, Iss 1, p 270 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app10010270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10010270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010270","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/1/270/pdf?version=1577759466","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9853000044822693,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7020006740","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10077362","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334879","funder_display_name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G902072832","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10077362","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334879","display_name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z9cwa38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2997579929.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2997579929.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984815798","https://openalex.org/W2037437049","https://openalex.org/W2060095104","https://openalex.org/W2071800504","https://openalex.org/W2072161115","https://openalex.org/W2090628938","https://openalex.org/W2182138702","https://openalex.org/W2284771689","https://openalex.org/W2402803800","https://openalex.org/W2439060493","https://openalex.org/W2487136930","https://openalex.org/W2554873141","https://openalex.org/W2589884606","https://openalex.org/W2596001402","https://openalex.org/W2621394624","https://openalex.org/W2792388874","https://openalex.org/W2796379873","https://openalex.org/W2904850496","https://openalex.org/W2944053197","https://openalex.org/W3016225475"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3114282717","https://openalex.org/W2339154472","https://openalex.org/W4408018626","https://openalex.org/W1970185536","https://openalex.org/W4312277349","https://openalex.org/W7125494149","https://openalex.org/W3205759119","https://openalex.org/W7131356080","https://openalex.org/W4206456082","https://openalex.org/W4407316277"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"satisfy":[1],"increasing":[2],"demands":[3],"for":[4,37],"ecofriendly":[5],"vehicles,":[6],"researchers":[7],"are":[8,27],"now":[9],"studying":[10],"electric":[11],"vehicle":[12],"(EV)-related":[13],"technologies.":[14],"In":[15,41],"particular,":[16],"integrated":[17,66],"bidirectional":[18,67],"onboard":[19,35],"battery":[20],"charger":[21],"(OBC)/low-voltage":[22],"DC\u2013DC":[23],"converter":[24],"(LDC)":[25],"modules":[26],"being":[28],"researched":[29],"to":[30,116],"improve":[31],"the":[32,52,60,79,99,106,113,118,122,133,139,145,152,161,165,170,178,186],"efficiency":[33],"of":[34,62,105,112,128,132,172,180],"chargers":[36],"EV":[38],"charging":[39],"applications.":[40],"this":[42],"study,":[43],"a":[44,63,129],"numerical":[45,130],"analysis":[46,131],"method":[47],"is":[48,95],"proposed":[49],"that":[50,138,174],"considers":[51],"power":[53,100,162,188],"loss":[54,120,163],"and":[55,83,90,154],"heat":[56,119],"flow":[57],"characteristics":[58,104,136,179],"in":[59,110,144,151,159],"design":[61],"7.2":[64],"kW":[65],"OBC/LDC":[68,87],"module.":[69],"The":[70,93,103,126,167],"developed":[71],"module":[72],"supports":[73],"four":[74,114],"operating":[75,148,157],"modes":[76,115,182],"depending":[77],"on":[78,98],"service":[80],"situation:":[81],"OBC":[82,146,153],"LDC":[84,91,155],"single":[85,147],"operation,":[86,89],"simultaneous":[88,156],"operation.":[92],"mode":[94,149,158],"selected":[96],"based":[97],"system":[101],"flow.":[102],"circuit":[107],"were":[108],"analyzed":[109],"each":[111],"compute":[117],"from":[121],"major":[123],"heating":[124],"elements.":[125],"results":[127,168],"internal":[134,140],"cooling":[135,175],"showed":[137],"temperature":[141],"was":[142,164],"higher":[143],"than":[150],"which":[160],"highest.":[166],"emphasize":[169],"importance":[171],"ensuring":[173],"designs":[176],"consider":[177],"various":[181],"as":[183,185],"well":[184],"worst-case":[187],"loss.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2020-01-10T00:00:00"}