{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2996716596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00802005","title":"Racial Profiling in Immigration Control: The Problem with the Northern Irish Border","display_name":"Racial Profiling in Immigration Control: The Problem with the Northern Irish Border","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2996716596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00802005","mag":"2996716596"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1163/22131035-00802005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00802005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00802005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238233","display_name":"International Human Rights Law Review","issn_l":"2213-1027","issn":["2213-1027","2213-1035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320561","host_organization_name":"Brill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320561","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Brill","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Human Rights Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2996716596"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032017749","display_name":"Neil Graffin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4752-8518","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4752-8518"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","display_name":"The Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Neil Graffin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lecturer in Law, School of Law, the Faculty of Business and Law, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom, neil.graffin@open.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lecturer in Law, School of Law, the Faculty of Business and Law, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom, neil.graffin@open.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034321507","display_name":"Juan J. Garc\u00eda Blesa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1237-6959","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1237-6959"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120691247","display_name":"FernUniversit\u00e4t in Hagen","ror":"https://ror.org/04tkkr536","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120691247"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juan J. Garcia Blesa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Research Associate, FernUniversit\u00e4t Hagen, Dekanat der Rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakult\u00e4t, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 21, 58084 Hagen Juan.GarciaBlesa@fernuni-hagen.de"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Research Associate, FernUniversit\u00e4t Hagen, Dekanat der Rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakult\u00e4t, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 21, 58084 Hagen Juan.GarciaBlesa@fernuni-hagen.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120691247"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032017749","https://openalex.org/A5034321507"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120691247","https://openalex.org/I204136569"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"245","last_page":"273"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13694","display_name":"Immigration Law and Human Rights","score":0.4381999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13694","display_name":"Immigration Law and Human Rights","score":0.4381999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13948","display_name":"Gender and Women's Rights","score":0.24040000140666962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14493","display_name":"Criminal Law and Evidence","score":0.07240000367164612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-profiling","display_name":"racial profiling","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration-control","display_name":"immigration control","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-rights","display_name":"human rights","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-ireland","display_name":"Northern Ireland","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brexit","display_name":"Brexit","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stop-and-search","display_name":"stop and search","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-worn-cameras","display_name":"body-worn cameras","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surveillance","display_name":"surveillance","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"accountability","score":0.6179999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.8726552724838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776248220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1850662","display_name":"Racial profiling","level":3,"score":0.7347097396850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6390380859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776469822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7888194","display_name":"Brexit","level":3,"score":0.6021081805229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.5651906728744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5457288026809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.4641825556755066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4437694549560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111141941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218719","display_name":"Immigration policy","level":3,"score":0.4157297611236572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.33703261613845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3023064136505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2115032970905304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.15413987636566162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.13061946630477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.11528587341308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10047778487205505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1163/22131035-00802005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00802005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00802005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238233","display_name":"International Human Rights Law Review","issn_l":"2213-1027","issn":["2213-1027","2213-1035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320561","host_organization_name":"Brill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320561","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Brill","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Human Rights Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oro.open.ac.uk:67183","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://oro.open.ac.uk/67183/1/Racial%20profiling%20in%20immigration%20control%20%20%28ORO%29.docx","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196284","display_name":"Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","host_organization_name":"The Open University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6995000243186951,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992906142"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2910723407","https://openalex.org/W2792631296","https://openalex.org/W1992363428","https://openalex.org/W6996086472","https://openalex.org/W4210688694","https://openalex.org/W3011373647","https://openalex.org/W2900237449","https://openalex.org/W2772913215","https://openalex.org/W3007674459","https://openalex.org/W3006128356"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,49,139],"article":[1,50,140],"assesses":[2],"how":[3],"the":[4,71,112,123,126],"discriminatory":[5,74],"practice":[6,31],"of":[7,18,73,125,129,146],"racial":[8,163],"profiling":[9],"exists":[10],"and":[11,94,106,120],"can":[12,117],"undermine":[13],"a":[14,27,41,65],"human":[15],"rights-based":[16],"system":[17],"immigration":[19,55,98,137],"control":[20,105],"in":[21,34,64,159],"Northern":[22,35,130],"Ireland.":[23],"Post-Brexit":[24],"there":[25],"is":[26],"possibility":[28],"that":[29,38,54,90],"this":[30],"may":[32],"increase":[33],"Ireland,":[36],"given":[37],"it":[39,86],"shares":[40],"border":[42],"with":[43],"another":[44],"European":[45],"Union":[46],"(EU)":[47],"State.":[48],"will":[51,87,141],"centrally":[52],"argue":[53],"checks":[56,116],"which":[57,115],"take":[58,84,118,150],"place":[59,151],"on":[60],"an":[61],"ad-hoc":[62],"basis":[63],"State":[66],"should":[67,100],"be":[68,88,101],"prohibited":[69],"because":[70],"risks":[72],"practices":[75],"are":[76,82],"too":[77],"high.":[78],"However,":[79],"if":[80],"they":[81],"to":[83,92,103,133,155,161],"place,":[85,119],"contended":[89],"attempts":[91],"stop":[93],"question":[95],"individuals":[96],"for":[97],"checking":[99],"subject":[102],"greater":[104],"accountability.":[107],"For":[108],"example,":[109],"by":[110,121,152],"restricting":[111],"remit":[113],"under":[114],"increasing":[122],"powers":[124],"Police":[127],"Ombudsman":[128],"Ireland":[131],"(poni)":[132],"receive":[134],"complaints":[135],"concerning":[136],"agents.":[138],"explore":[142],"whether":[143],"enhanced":[144],"surveillance":[145],"Border":[147],"Force":[148],"could":[149],"requiring":[153],"agents":[154],"wear":[156],"body-worn":[157],"cameras":[158],"order":[160],"prevent":[162],"profiling.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2019-12-26T00:00:00"}
