{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2996545324","doi":null,"title":"Pulling the wires in the trade networks. Metallurgical techniques diffusion in South-Central and East Africa in the 19th century AD","display_name":"Pulling the wires in the trade networks. Metallurgical techniques diffusion in South-Central and East Africa in the 19th century AD","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2996545324","mag":"2996545324"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/297928","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/297928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401063","display_name":"D\u00e9p\u00f4t institutionnel de l'Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I132053463","host_organization_name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132053463"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceContribution"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067946909","display_name":"Nicolas Nikis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-809X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-809X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Nikis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071936004","display_name":"Laurence Garenne-Marot","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurence Garenne Marot","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05701754,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13742","display_name":"Metallurgy and Cultural Artifacts","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3302","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13742","display_name":"Metallurgy and Cultural Artifacts","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3302","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11212","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13215","display_name":"Global Maritime and Colonial Histories","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wire-drawing","display_name":"wire drawing","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper-smelting","display_name":"copper smelting","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nyamwezi","display_name":"Nyamwezi","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copperbelt","display_name":"Copperbelt","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-networks","display_name":"trade networks","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-distance-trade","display_name":"long-distance trade","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ivory-trade","display_name":"ivory trade","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lake-victoria","display_name":"Lake Victoria","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lake-tanganyika","display_name":"Lake Tanganyika","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lake-malawi","display_name":"Lake Malawi","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/19th-century","display_name":"19th century","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/east-africa","display_name":"East Africa","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-central-africa","display_name":"South Central Africa","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-transfer","display_name":"technology transfer","score":0.39399999380111694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779707719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063239","display_name":"Polity","level":3,"score":0.7318912148475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5816119909286499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5460947751998901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778880830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16513600","display_name":"Homeland","level":3,"score":0.5344122648239136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779357621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655495","display_name":"Tanzania","level":2,"score":0.49195072054862976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.3556472659111023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.3400750160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.32358628511428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.2910568416118622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2549261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455","display_name":"Ethnology","level":1,"score":0.25993937253952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.24730688333511353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1376095414161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/297928","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/297928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401063","display_name":"D\u00e9p\u00f4t institutionnel de l'Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I132053463","host_organization_name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132053463"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceContribution"},{"id":"mag:2996545324","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://difusion.ulb.ac.be/vufind/Record/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/297928/TOC","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7014832032","https://openalex.org/W2915767224","https://openalex.org/W2936734794","https://openalex.org/W2996302136","https://openalex.org/W7052298572","https://openalex.org/W2744996988","https://openalex.org/W7006320771","https://openalex.org/W7019201420","https://openalex.org/W4313378473","https://openalex.org/W2114167096"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,5,15,32,36,47,54,74,80,84,92,158,189,193,198,206,216,219,233,245,259],"second":[2],"half":[3],"of":[4,10,35,42,59,83,121,124,132,164,200,205,218,232,247],"19th":[6],"century,":[7],"a":[8,119,162],"group":[9],"Nyamwezi":[11,220],"people":[12],"moved":[13],"from":[14,73,79,157,192],"interlacustrine":[16,75,159],"area":[17,39,160,190],"between":[18],"lakes":[19],"Victoria,":[20],"Kivu":[21],"and":[22,27,29,56,77,97,107,130,149,167,179,250],"Tanganyika":[23],"(modern":[24,40],"Rwanda,":[25],"Burundi":[26],"Tanzania),":[28],"settled":[30],"in":[31,53,91,188,222,230,258],"central":[33],"part":[34],"Copperbelt":[37],"mining":[38],"south-east":[41],"DRC)":[43],"where":[44,161],"they":[45],"established":[46],"Yeke":[48,86,113],"kingdom.":[49],"Of":[50],"key":[51],"importance":[52],"socio-political":[55,67],"economic":[57],"history":[58],"South-Central":[60],"Africa,":[61],"this":[62,211],"polity":[63],"had":[64,170],"an":[65],"original":[66],"system":[68],"that":[69],"combined":[70],"elements":[71],"both":[72,109],"homeland":[76],"borrowed":[78,127],"local":[81],"populations":[82],"Copperbelt.":[85],"kingdom":[87],"was":[88],"further":[89],"involved":[90],"long-distance":[93],"trade":[94,221],"with":[95],"Atlantic":[96],"Indian":[98],"ocean":[99],"coasts.":[100],"The":[101],"main":[102],"export":[103],"products":[104],"were":[105],"ivory":[106],"copper,":[108],"locally":[110],"available.":[111],"Interestingly,":[112],"copper":[114],"production":[115],"techniques":[116,134,249,256],"are":[117],"also":[118,182],"combination":[120],"manufacturing":[122,168,248],"processes":[123,169,175],"different":[125],"origins:":[126],"smelting":[128],"process":[129],"introduction":[131],"new":[133],"such":[135],"as":[136],"wire":[137,143,151,227],"drawing.":[138],"According":[139],"to":[140,146,197,215,224,254],"historical":[141,207],"sources,":[142],"drawing":[144,174],"used":[145,229],"make":[147],"coiled":[148],"wound":[150,226],"bangles":[152,228],"would":[153],"have":[154,181],"been":[155,171,183],"imported":[156],"concentration":[163],"comparable":[165,177],"tools":[166,178],"observed.":[172],"Wire":[173],"showing":[176],"methods":[180],"recorded":[184],"at":[185],"various":[186],"places":[187],"stretching":[191],"south":[194],"lake":[195,201],"Victoria":[196],"north":[199],"Malawi.":[202],"A":[203],"review":[204],"evidence":[208],"strongly":[209],"suggests":[210],"distribution":[212],"is":[213],"related":[214],"extension":[217],"order":[223],"produce":[225],"some":[231],"exchanges.":[234],"This":[235],"study":[236],"may":[237],"thus":[238],"illustrate":[239],"how":[240],"exchange":[241],"networks":[242],"can":[243],"favour":[244],"spread":[246],"provides":[251],"additional":[252],"perspectives":[253],"understand":[255],"diffusion":[257],"past.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2019-12-26T00:00:00"}
