{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2994941589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-019-09636-3","title":"To discriminate or not to discriminate? Personalised pricing in online markets as exploitative abuse of dominance","display_name":"To discriminate or not to discriminate? Personalised pricing in online markets as exploitative abuse of dominance","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2994941589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-019-09636-3","mag":"2994941589"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10657-019-09636-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-019-09636-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-019-09636-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10657-019-09636-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37173775","display_name":"European Journal of Law and Economics","issn_l":"0929-1261","issn":["0929-1261","1572-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Law and Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10657-019-09636-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050718806","display_name":"Marco Botta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7035-2616","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7035-2616"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129449","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition","ror":"https://ror.org/033198s46","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210129449"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marco Botta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129449"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076311925","display_name":"Klaus Wiedemann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3630-4201","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3630-4201"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129449","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition","ror":"https://ror.org/033198s46","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210129449"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Klaus Wiedemann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129449"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050718806","https://openalex.org/A5076311925"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129449"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":5.3825,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95304471,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"3","first_page":"381","last_page":"404"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14362","display_name":"Diverse Legal and Medical Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14362","display_name":"Diverse Legal and Medical Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalized-pricing","display_name":"personalized pricing","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/price-discrimination","display_name":"price discrimination","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abuse-of-dominant-position","display_name":"abuse of dominant position","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-competition-law","display_name":"EU competition law","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/article-102-tfeu","display_name":"Article 102 TFEU","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-platforms","display_name":"digital platforms","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data-analytics","display_name":"big data analytics","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-welfare","display_name":"consumer welfare","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/burden-of-proof","display_name":"burden of proof","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-competition-authorities","display_name":"national competition authorities","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-commission","display_name":"European Commission","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioural-commitment","display_name":"behavioural commitment","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection","display_name":"data protection","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-profiling","display_name":"user profiling","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency-requirements","display_name":"transparency requirements","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opt-out-rights","display_name":"opt-out rights","score":0.6340000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776736423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q326498","display_name":"Competition law","level":3,"score":0.7761048078536987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101472132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835678","display_name":"Price discrimination","level":2,"score":0.6502406597137451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779242095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200561","display_name":"Predatory pricing","level":3,"score":0.4994325637817383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.4743417799472809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4718634784221649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.4707016944885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4625043570995331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127576917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624630","display_name":"Competitor analysis","level":2,"score":0.4482837915420532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4275503158569336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.426778107881546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.41047170758247375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.37795406579971313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.28264787793159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.2362476885318756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.22345981001853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13788080215454102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.11998510360717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781127519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43637","display_name":"Monopoly","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10657-019-09636-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-019-09636-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-019-09636-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10657-019-09636-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37173775","display_name":"European Journal of Law and Economics","issn_l":"0929-1261","issn":["0929-1261","1572-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Law and Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.3503337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3503337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3503337","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cadmus.eui.eu:1814/69529","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1814/69529","pdf_url":"https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/1814/69529/1/Botta-Wiedemann2020_Article_ToDiscriminateOrNotToDiscrimin.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196332","display_name":"Cadmus - EUI Research Repository (European University Institute)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I874792244","host_organization_name":"European University Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:kap:ejlwec:v:50:y:2020:i:3:d:10.1007_s10657-019-09636-3","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10657-019-09636-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_3182939","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0005-6069-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Law and Economics","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10657-019-09636-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-019-09636-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-019-09636-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10657-019-09636-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37173775","display_name":"European Journal of Law and Economics","issn_l":"0929-1261","issn":["0929-1261","1572-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Law and Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.666700005531311,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322434","display_name":"Max-Planck-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhn8329"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2994941589.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2994941589.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W272474025","https://openalex.org/W1498915363","https://openalex.org/W1499391502","https://openalex.org/W1531100425","https://openalex.org/W1564560795","https://openalex.org/W1579344322","https://openalex.org/W1598567375","https://openalex.org/W1755367569","https://openalex.org/W1762607875","https://openalex.org/W1850435403","https://openalex.org/W1851605249","https://openalex.org/W1990291286","https://openalex.org/W2049607698","https://openalex.org/W2062548491","https://openalex.org/W2065068065","https://openalex.org/W2069174307","https://openalex.org/W2129998937","https://openalex.org/W2161392727","https://openalex.org/W2163259489","https://openalex.org/W2186897179","https://openalex.org/W2270690235","https://openalex.org/W2317069786","https://openalex.org/W2343392128","https://openalex.org/W2536642772","https://openalex.org/W2557607105","https://openalex.org/W2560740058","https://openalex.org/W2589526989","https://openalex.org/W2598999374","https://openalex.org/W2620652703","https://openalex.org/W2624493941","https://openalex.org/W2626872872","https://openalex.org/W2744421145","https://openalex.org/W2754924461","https://openalex.org/W2761443600","https://openalex.org/W2774287759","https://openalex.org/W2789158297","https://openalex.org/W2790423154","https://openalex.org/W2911422876","https://openalex.org/W2930975469","https://openalex.org/W2934043838","https://openalex.org/W2944048395","https://openalex.org/W2951152347","https://openalex.org/W3021120133","https://openalex.org/W3087163383","https://openalex.org/W3121149046","https://openalex.org/W3121662957","https://openalex.org/W3122283172","https://openalex.org/W3122298428","https://openalex.org/W3122338044","https://openalex.org/W3122759458","https://openalex.org/W3123709796","https://openalex.org/W3124326544","https://openalex.org/W3124709185","https://openalex.org/W3125449324","https://openalex.org/W4230629604","https://openalex.org/W4250057676","https://openalex.org/W4307282578","https://openalex.org/W6619817670","https://openalex.org/W6818122178","https://openalex.org/W6986568421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2736191408","https://openalex.org/W3171878190","https://openalex.org/W7216987092","https://openalex.org/W4285143331","https://openalex.org/W2626872872","https://openalex.org/W2907805123","https://openalex.org/W4366441389","https://openalex.org/W7052011042","https://openalex.org/W2191280742","https://openalex.org/W4399681731"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,27,41],"advent":[2],"of":[3,11,13,47,76,81,85,104,156,170,187],"big":[4],"data":[5,163,179],"analytics":[6],"has":[7],"favoured":[8],"the":[9,77,82,90,96,115,132,174,185],"emergence":[10],"forms":[12],"price":[14,88],"discrimination":[15],"based":[16],"on":[17,51,87,140,162],"consumers\u2019":[18,52,141],"profiles":[19],"and":[20,64,95,173],"their":[21],"online":[22,39,152],"behaviour":[23],"(i.e.":[24],"personalised":[25,54,136,171,188],"pricing).":[26],"paper":[28,42,116],"analyses":[29],"this":[30,108],"practice":[31],"as":[32],"a":[33,57,71,101],"possible":[34],"exploitative":[35],"abuse":[36],"by":[37],"dominant":[38],"platforms.":[40],"argues":[43,117],"that,":[44,118],"in":[45,74],"view":[46,75],"its":[48,121],"\u201cmixed\u201d":[49],"effect":[50],"welfare,":[53],"pricing":[55,137,172],"requires":[56],"case-by-case":[58,122],"assessment":[59],"under":[60,110],"EU":[61],"competition":[62,124],"law":[63,80,125],"thus":[65],"it":[66],"should":[67],"not":[68],"be":[69],"banned":[70],"priori.":[72],"However,":[73],"recent":[78],"case":[79],"European":[83,97,147],"Court":[84],"Justice":[86],"discrimination,":[89],"National":[91],"Competition":[92],"Authorities":[93],"(NCAs)":[94],"Commission":[98,148],"would":[99],"face":[100],"high":[102],"burden":[103],"proof":[105],"to":[106,120,130,167,176],"sanction":[107],"conduct":[109],"Art.":[111],"102(c)":[112],"TFEU.":[113],"Finally,":[114],"due":[119],"approach,":[123],"seems":[126],"more":[127],"suitable":[128],"thanomnibusregulation":[129],"tackle":[131],"negative":[133],"effects":[134],"that":[135],"could":[138,149,182],"have":[139],"welfare.":[142],"In":[143],"particular,":[144],"an":[145],"NCA/the":[146],"negotiate":[150],"with":[151,180],"platforms":[153],"different":[154],"kinds":[155],"behavioural":[157],"commitments:":[158],"transparency":[159],"requirements,":[160],"limits":[161],"collection/user":[164],"profiling,":[165],"rights":[166],"opt":[168],"out":[169],"obligation":[175],"share":[177],"customers\u2019":[178],"competitors":[181],"significantly":[183],"tame":[184],"risks":[186],"pricing.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2019-12-26T00:00:00"}
