{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2994906233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26581","title":"The Impact of Intranational Trade Barriers on Exports: Evidence from a Nationwide VAT Rebate Reform in China","display_name":"The Impact of Intranational Trade Barriers on Exports: Evidence from a Nationwide VAT Rebate Reform in China","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2994906233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26581","mag":"2994906233"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w26581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26581","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26581","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26581","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024191864","display_name":"Jie Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4120-5868","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4120-5868","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5837-0392"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Kennedy School 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138 and","Harvard Kennedy School 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Kennedy School 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Kennedy School 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiahua Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahua Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Kennedy School 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138","Harvard Kennedy School 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138 and","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Kennedy School 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Kennedy School 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-tariff-barriers","display_name":"non-tariff barriers","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-protectionism","display_name":"local protectionism","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/export-intermediaries","display_name":"export intermediaries","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interprovincial-trade","display_name":"interprovincial trade","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-exports","display_name":"manufacturing exports","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-firm-model","display_name":"heterogeneous firm model","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provincial-government","display_name":"provincial government","score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.7514206171035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.70430988073349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.5479169487953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.47380489110946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3939172327518463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.3295486867427826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16770246624946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w26581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26581","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26581","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dash.harvard.edu:1/37366409","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37366409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401540","display_name":"Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","host_organization_name":"Harvard University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Research Paper or Report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cid:wpfacu:373","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/cid/files/publications/faculty-working-papers/2019-12-cid-wp-373-trade-barriers.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/cid/files/publications/faculty-working-papers/2019-12-cid-wp-373-trade-barriers.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26581","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w26581.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w26581.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w26581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26581","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26581","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4943999946117401,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2994906233.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2994906233.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8131331","https://openalex.org/W1480899479","https://openalex.org/W1567180394","https://openalex.org/W1567706872","https://openalex.org/W1589757648","https://openalex.org/W1726846255","https://openalex.org/W1733763653","https://openalex.org/W2010743803","https://openalex.org/W2020976039","https://openalex.org/W2056394665","https://openalex.org/W2067082711","https://openalex.org/W2067782665","https://openalex.org/W2097599886","https://openalex.org/W2102911810","https://openalex.org/W2103935263","https://openalex.org/W2112478549","https://openalex.org/W2137460764","https://openalex.org/W2151119292","https://openalex.org/W2168054555","https://openalex.org/W2168474578","https://openalex.org/W2171681027","https://openalex.org/W2380129214","https://openalex.org/W2548687046","https://openalex.org/W2564819966","https://openalex.org/W2590819186","https://openalex.org/W3121205121","https://openalex.org/W3121896040","https://openalex.org/W3123144636","https://openalex.org/W3123247843","https://openalex.org/W3123361761","https://openalex.org/W3124867187","https://openalex.org/W3124949446","https://openalex.org/W3125387544","https://openalex.org/W3142039972","https://openalex.org/W4206601184","https://openalex.org/W4206939625","https://openalex.org/W6602190431"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2946345464","https://openalex.org/W1840233175","https://openalex.org/W2588745774","https://openalex.org/W2034193597","https://openalex.org/W2543118474","https://openalex.org/W2092212649","https://openalex.org/W2566995424","https://openalex.org/W7095600412","https://openalex.org/W4310995518","https://openalex.org/W3048897528"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,16],"well":[2],"known":[3],"that":[4,100,119,149],"various":[5],"forms":[6],"of":[7,30,47,66,78,87,134],"non-tariff":[8],"trade":[9],"barriers":[10,21,50],"exist":[11],"within":[12],"a":[13,31,40,64,75,125,138],"country.Empirically,":[14],"it":[15],"difficult":[17],"to":[18,43,52,74,82,90,124],"measure":[19],"these":[20,48],"as":[22,39],"they":[23],"can":[24],"take":[25,28],"many":[26],"forms.We":[27],"advantage":[29],"nationwide":[32],"VAT":[33],"rebate":[34,69],"policy":[35],"reform":[36,72],"in":[37,127,140],"China":[38],"natural":[41],"experiment":[42],"identify":[44],"the":[45,57,71,79,84,110,114],"existence":[46],"intranational":[49],"due":[51],"local":[53,91,121,135],"protectionism":[54,122],"and":[55,61,105,137],"study":[56],"impact":[58],"on":[59,156],"exports":[60],"exporting":[62,107],"firms.As":[63],"result":[65],"shifting":[67],"tax":[68],"burden,":[70],"leads":[73,123],"greater":[76,153],"incentive":[77],"provincial":[80],"governments":[81],"block":[83],"domestic":[85,103],"flow":[86],"non-local":[88],"goods":[89],"export":[92,157],"intermediaries.We":[93],"develop":[94],"an":[95],"open-economy":[96],"heterogenous":[97],"firm":[98],"model":[99],"incorporates":[101],"multiple":[102,106],"regions":[104],"technologies,":[108],"including":[109],"intermediary":[111],"sector.Consistent":[112],"with":[113,152],"model's":[115],"predictions,":[116],"we":[117],"find":[118],"rising":[120],"reduction":[126,139],"interprovincial":[128],"trade,":[129],"more":[130,160],"\"inward-looking\"":[131],"sourcing":[132],"behavior":[133],"intermediaries,":[136],"manufacturing":[141],"exports.Analysis":[142],"using":[143],"micro":[144],"firm-level":[145],"data":[146],"further":[147],"shows":[148],"private":[150],"companies":[151],"baseline":[154],"reliance":[155],"intermediaries":[158],"are":[159],"adversely":[161],"affected.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2019-12-26T00:00:00"}
