{"id":"https://openalex.org/W29941180","doi":null,"title":"Rich Donors, Poor Countries.","display_name":"Rich Donors, Poor Countries.","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W29941180","mag":"29941180"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:29941180","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ999396.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2088885","display_name":"Policy review","issn_l":"0146-5945","issn":["0146-5945"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316866","host_organization_name":"Hoover Institution","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316866","https://openalex.org/P4310316103"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hoover Institution","Stanford University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Policy review","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mandy Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3482-5655","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3482-5655"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mandy Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3482-5655","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9407,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89781914,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"175","issue":null,"first_page":"41","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13035","display_name":"Human Rights and Development","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13995","display_name":"Globalization and political ideologies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-aid","display_name":"foreign aid","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/donor-policy","display_name":"donor policy","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/role-of-the-state","display_name":"role of the state","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-developed-countries","display_name":"least developed countries","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-led-development","display_name":"state-led development","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/washington-consensus","display_name":"Washington Consensus","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-capacity","display_name":"state capacity","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aid-dependency","display_name":"aid dependency","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/governance","display_name":"governance","score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privatization","display_name":"privatization","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infant-industry-protection","display_name":"infant industry protection","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-utilities","display_name":"public utilities","score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-delivery","display_name":"health care delivery","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-will","display_name":"political will","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-of-law","display_name":"rule of law","score":0.41200000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5319673418998718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.5012397766113281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.43982842564582825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.4361465871334076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.4223238527774811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.4137558937072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160050368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132453","display_name":"Developed country","level":3,"score":0.4106713533401489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105639569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577","display_name":"Economic policy","level":1,"score":0.40797659754753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.3756047189235687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3706815838813782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3319622278213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.18851560354232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.12934082746505737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:29941180","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ999396.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2088885","display_name":"Policy review","issn_l":"0146-5945","issn":["0146-5945"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316866","host_organization_name":"Hoover Institution","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316866","https://openalex.org/P4310316103"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hoover Institution","Stanford University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Policy review","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9090999960899353,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"},{"score":0.666700005531311,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"score":0.41670000553131104,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G528199544","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IK2 CX001074","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306127","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306127","display_name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05rsv9s98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W296670595","https://openalex.org/W2007623780","https://openalex.org/W2055110114","https://openalex.org/W2230604219","https://openalex.org/W2394787243"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W54265812","https://openalex.org/W2410431847","https://openalex.org/W4311178011","https://openalex.org/W2335643082","https://openalex.org/W2260613933","https://openalex.org/W4376128918","https://openalex.org/W1865750566","https://openalex.org/W2509721569","https://openalex.org/W2907983848","https://openalex.org/W2971856189"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"THE":[0],"SHIFTING":[1],"IDEOLOGICAL":[2],"winds":[3],"of":[4,86,91,100,140,145,148,151,163,188,202,208,213,263,283,333,352,374,385,388,406,529,588,597],"foreign":[5],"aid":[6,361],"donors":[7,194,241],"have":[8,111,122,195,218,276,319],"driven":[9,34],"their":[10,43,149,172,214,227,234,264,326,344],"policy":[11,120,235,265,312,379],"towards":[12,441],"governments":[13,133,176,187,211,323,332,548],"in":[14,22,108,113,124,128,156,177,238,354,390,435,458,475,506,555],"poor":[15,23,178,189,209,239,316,355,359,485,547],"countries.":[16,179,392],"Donors":[17,337],"supported":[18],"state-led":[19,407],"development":[20,375,378,398],"policies":[21,229],"countries":[24,127,190,273,317,356,482,486,532],"from":[25],"the":[26,29,37,46,67,74,78,84,98,109,125,129,143,186,200,203,206,222,243,259,277,299,340,350,371,386,409,422,437,460,463,476,497,507,586,595],"1940s":[27],"to":[28,45,170,175,198,269,279,288,301,320,346,456,500,511,527,550,571,579],"1970s;":[30],"market":[31,419],"and":[32,39,41,53,77,97,106,212,247,258,306,310,343,357,364,418,421,469,479,492,509,520,537,564,573,577,585,594],"private-sector":[33],"reforms":[35],"during":[36],"1980s":[38],"1990s;":[40],"returned":[42],"attention":[44],"state":[47],"with":[48,80,131,255,325],"an":[49,137,403,453,552],"emphasis":[50],"on":[51,245,303,415],"governance":[52],"government":[54,101,157,257,292,300,311,353,365,389,416,451],"social":[55,466,513,589],"spending":[56],"thereafter.":[57],"Poor":[58],"countries--sometimes":[59],"called":[60],"low-income":[61],"economies":[62],"or":[63,431,541,543],"least-developed":[64],"countries--have":[65],"over":[66],"decades":[68],"been":[69,381,427],"a":[70,159,442],"proxy":[71],"battleground":[72],"for":[73,220,251,298,446,517,522,582],"Western":[75,284],"left":[76],"right,":[79],"heated":[81],"debates":[82],"about":[83],"merits":[85],"infant":[87,575],"industry":[88],"protection,":[89],"privatization":[90],"public":[92],"utilities,":[93],"government-provided":[94,223],"health":[95],"care,":[96],"role":[99,387,445,455,554],"more":[102,112,334,443,535],"generally.":[103],"Both":[104],"liberals":[105],"conservatives":[107],"West":[110],"common":[114],"than":[115],"they":[116,166,395],"realize,":[117],"however.":[118],"Their":[119,286],"preferences":[121],"evolved":[123],"richest":[126],"world,":[130],"well-financed":[132],"that":[134,185,225,369,450],"carry":[135],"out":[136],"ever-growing":[138],"number":[139],"functions":[141],"under":[142],"rule":[144],"law.":[146],"Much":[147],"sense":[150],"what":[152],"is":[153,158],"minimally":[154],"acceptable":[155],"relatively":[160],"recent":[161],"product":[162],"wealth.":[164],"Yet":[165],"do":[167,274,289],"not":[168,275],"hesitate":[169],"apply":[171],"home-grown":[173],"standards":[174],"While":[180],"it":[181,296],"may":[182],"seem":[183],"obvious":[184],"are":[191,267],"themselves":[192],"poor,":[193],"largely":[196],"failed":[197],"appreciate":[199],"enormity":[201],"gap":[204],"between":[205],"revenues":[207],"country":[210,360],"own":[215],"governments.":[216,285],"They":[217,558],"taken":[219],"granted":[221],"prerequisites":[224],"make":[226],"favorite":[228],"work":[230],"at":[231],"home.":[232],"When":[233],"prescriptions":[236,266],"fail":[237],"countries,":[240],"blame":[242],"failure":[244],"corruption":[246],"weak":[248],"political":[249],"will":[250,318,329],"implementation.":[252],"But":[253],"even":[254,534],"clean":[256,598],"best":[260],"will,":[261],"many":[262],"unlikely":[268],"succeed.":[270],"The":[271,393,448,489],"poorest":[272],"resources":[278],"build":[280,321],"weaker":[281],"versions":[282],"attempt":[287],"so":[290],"spreads":[291],"too":[293],"thin,":[294],"making":[295,307],"impossible":[297],"deliver":[302],"its":[304],"commitments":[305],"both":[308],"law":[309],"declarations":[313],"aspirational.":[314],"Instead,":[315],"sustainable":[322],"commensurate":[324],"resources,":[327],"which":[328,413,425,436],"necessarily":[330],"be":[331],"limited":[335],"function.":[336],"shrink":[338],"before":[339],"hard":[341],"choices,":[342],"reluctance":[345],"acknowledge":[347],"them":[348],"undermines":[349],"quality":[351],"deepens":[358],"dependence.":[362],"Development":[363],"BOOKS":[366],"AND":[367],"ARTICLES":[368],"trace":[370],"intellectual":[372],"history":[373],"tell":[376,396],"how":[377],"has":[380,426],"shaped":[382],"by":[383],"ideas":[384],"richer":[391],"story":[394],"divides":[397],"thinking":[399],"into":[400],"three":[401],"eras:":[402],"initial":[404],"era":[405],"development;":[408],"Washington":[410],"Consensus":[411],"era,":[412,424],"focused":[414],"retrenchment":[417],"solutions;":[420],"current":[423],"characterized":[428],"as":[429,592],"post-consensus":[430],"no":[432],"consensus,":[433],"but":[434],"pendulum":[438],"swung":[439],"back":[440],"important":[444,454],"government.":[447],"idea":[449],"had":[452],"play":[457],"managing":[459],"economy,":[461,508],"educating":[462],"people,":[464],"providing":[465],"safety":[467,514],"nets":[468,515],"reducing":[470],"inequality":[471],"was":[472],"well":[473],"accepted":[474],"United":[477,498],"States":[478,499],"other":[480],"industrialized":[481],"when":[483],"most":[484],"gained":[487],"independence.":[488],"Great":[490],"Depression":[491],"World":[493],"War":[494],"II":[495],"led":[496],"adopt":[501],"Keynesian":[502],"economic":[503],"policies,":[504],"intervene":[505],"begin":[510],"create":[512],"first":[516],"returning":[518],"veterans":[519],"then":[521],"others.":[523],"Alternative":[524],"models":[525],"available":[526],"leaders":[528],"newly":[530],"independent":[531],"were":[533],"statist--European":[536],"Latin":[538],"American":[539],"socialism,":[540],"Soviet":[542],"Chinese":[544],"communism.":[545],"Initially,":[546],"attempted":[549],"fill":[551],"expansive":[553],"leading":[556],"development.":[557],"regulated":[559],"international":[560],"trade,":[561],"currency":[562],"exchange,":[563],"domestic":[565],"markets;":[566],"established":[567],"state-owned":[568],"enterprises;":[569],"sought":[570,578],"protect":[572],"nourish":[574],"industries;":[576],"raise":[580],"revenue":[581],"infrastructure":[583],"construction":[584],"provision":[587],"services,":[590],"such":[591],"education":[593],"delivery":[596],"water.":[599],"\u2026":[600]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}