{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2993604273","doi":null,"title":"Critical Thinking: Teaching Students To Seek the Logic of Things.","display_name":"Critical Thinking: Teaching Students To Seek the Logic of Things.","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2993604273","mag":"2993604273"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2993604273","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ593592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764631473","display_name":"Journal of developmental education","issn_l":"0894-3907","issn":["0894-3907"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of developmental education","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108348862","display_name":"Richard Paul","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057164490","display_name":"Linda Elder","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linda Elder","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8012,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8579425,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"34","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11715","display_name":"Education and Critical Thinking Development","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11715","display_name":"Education and Critical Thinking Development","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12887","display_name":"Educational Strategies and Epistemologies","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-thinking","display_name":"critical thinking","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-concepts","display_name":"abstract concepts","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interrelationships","display_name":"interrelationships","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-objectives","display_name":"learning objectives","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/questioning","display_name":"questioning","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"inference","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implication","display_name":"implication","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assumptions","display_name":"assumptions","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative-perspective","display_name":"narrative perspective","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaningful-learning","display_name":"meaningful learning","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-education","display_name":"science education","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-methods","display_name":"teaching methods","score":0.460999995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6805285215377808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6372342705726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5152056813240051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4954596757888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.45673868060112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.41063374280929565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4026290476322174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.35355591773986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.33718395233154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.29449623823165894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19407126307487488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2993604273","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ593592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764631473","display_name":"Journal of developmental education","issn_l":"0894-3907","issn":["0894-3907"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of developmental education","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9235000014305115}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494264675","https://openalex.org/W307330322","https://openalex.org/W3005216324","https://openalex.org/W3087398181","https://openalex.org/W2968640223","https://openalex.org/W3030833533","https://openalex.org/W382585342","https://openalex.org/W2295910852","https://openalex.org/W2970522827","https://openalex.org/W3034971971"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,533,571],"this":[1,42,307,353,405,407],"column":[2,43],"we":[3,175,195,197,204,420,428,443,601,611],"explore":[4],"a":[5,12,45,55,152,222,389,466,471,538,542,547,621,625],"powerful":[6,112],"idea":[7,24,53,61,119,127,144,148,162],"which,":[8],"once":[9],"learned,":[10],"becomes":[11],"foundation":[13],"for":[14,74,199,232,356],"highly":[15,18],"skilled,":[16],"and":[17,21,37,93,171,188,376,383,406,408,412,414,430,449,506,546,568],"practical,":[19],"teaching":[20],"learning.":[113],"The":[23],"is":[25,79,124,160,246,259,285,422,517,526,537,553,558,563],"that":[26,50,87,94,163,317,355,411,413],"of":[27,34,47,57,64,81,128,145,149,202,212,221,224,300,338,361,368,373,388,440,509,521,530,627,638],"becoming":[28],"adept":[29],"at":[30],"understanding":[31,518,527],"the":[210],"logic":[153],"subjects,":[35],"issues,":[36],"questions.":[38],"We":[39],"will":[40,318],"follow":[41],"with":[44,183,340],"series":[46],"other":[48,426,437,534],"columns":[49],"illustrate":[51],"in":[54,120,190,433,462,478,493,624],"variety":[56],"subjects.":[58],"Initially,":[59],"(the":[62],"things)":[65],"may":[66],"sound":[67],"too":[68],"ab":[69],"stract":[70],"to":[71,109,167,178,235,263,342,366,424,435,464,480,495,497,540,544,549,576,592],"be":[72,351],"realistic":[73],"classroom.":[76],"Unfortunately,":[77],"it":[78,461,477],"part":[80,372],"many":[82],"teachers":[83],"'":[84],"mind":[85],"sets":[86],"students":[88,631],"cannot":[89],"learn":[90,421,429,444],"abstract":[91,95,208],"ideas":[92,96,227,316],"are,":[97],"therefore,":[98],"not":[99],"very":[100,126,225],"practical.":[101],"Not":[102],"so.":[103],"Absu-actions":[104],"are":[105,176,205,261,332],"often":[106],"key":[108,184,315],"most":[111,117,335],"For":[114,452],"example,":[115,453],"important":[118,186,226],"all":[121,486],"science":[122,129,456,516],"classes":[123],"itself":[130],"(i.e.,":[131],"learning":[132,242,369,431],"about":[133,228,500,554,559,564,586,598],"how":[134,510],"physical":[136],"world":[137,502,512],"operates":[138],"through":[139,503],"systematic":[140,507],"study).":[141],"Like":[142],"science,":[541],"things":[150,362,432,442],"having":[151],"has":[154,218],"unlimited,":[155],"indeed":[156],"lifelong,":[157],"payoffs.":[158],"It":[159,180],"an":[161,374,482,635],"continually":[164,365],"helps":[165],"us":[166,182,364],"synthesize,":[168],"tie":[169],"together,":[170],"better":[172,457,473,488],"understand":[173,632],"whatever":[174],"trying":[177,262],"learn.":[179],"provides":[181],"guideposts,":[185],"questions,":[187],"insights":[189],"multiple":[191],"directions":[192],"if,":[193],"when":[194],"think,":[196],"look":[198],"what":[203,252,267,282],"studying.":[206],"This":[207],"idea,":[209],"things,":[213],"reminds":[214,363],"thinker":[216],"(who":[217],"internalized":[219],"it)":[220],"set":[223],"1.":[230],"Look":[231],"interrelationships":[233],"(try":[234],"connect":[236],"everything":[237,380,550],"together).":[238],"2.":[239],"Solidify":[240],"your":[241,247,301,347],"goals":[243],"(what":[244,288,303],"exactly":[245],"purpose?)":[248],"3.":[249],"Ask":[250],"yourself":[251],"question":[254,274,323],"(or":[255],"problem":[256],"or":[257,275,324,354,398],"issue)":[258],"you":[260,269,287,290,320,331,350],"answer.":[264],"4.":[265],"Clarify":[266],"information":[268,284],"need":[270,602,612],"(to":[271,604,614],"answer":[272,321,498],"solve":[276,325],"problem).":[278],"5.":[279],"Figure":[280,312],"out":[281,313],"telling":[286],"inferences":[289],"can":[291],"legitimately":[292],"make).":[293],"6.":[294],"Trace":[295],"(and":[296,595],"assess)":[297],"implications":[299],"thinking":[302,306],"follows":[304],"from":[305],"rather":[308,393],"than":[309,394],"that).":[310],"7.":[311],"help":[319],"problem.":[327],"8.":[328],"Make":[329],"sure":[330],"adopting":[333],"reasonable":[336],"point":[337],"view":[339],"respect":[341],"issue.":[344],"9.":[345],"Check":[346],"assumptions":[348],"(should":[349],"taking":[352],"granted?).":[357],"Seeking":[358],"think":[367,566],"as":[370,395,634],"being":[371,396],"organized":[375],"intelligible":[377],"system":[378,520,529,626,637],"(with":[379],"fitting":[381],"together":[382],"making":[384],"sense":[385,581],"like":[386],"parts":[387],"jig-":[390],"saw":[391],"puzzle)":[392],"fragmentary,jumbled,":[397],"helter-skelter":[399],"(let's":[400],"see,":[401],"I":[402],"must":[403],"remember":[404],"this;":[409],"also,":[410],"that.":[415],"..":[416],")":[417],".":[418],"Everything":[419],"related":[423],"every":[425],"thing":[427],"relation":[434,463,479,494],"each":[436,439],"makes":[438],"more":[445,447,450],"memorable,":[446],"intelligible,":[448],"useful.":[451],"one":[454,459,475,490],"understands":[455,460,469,476,485,491],"if":[458,474,489],"forming":[465,470],"hypothesis.":[467],"One":[468,484],"hypothesis":[472],"conducting":[481],"experiment.":[483],"three":[487],"them":[492],"seeking":[496],"questions":[499],"careful":[504],"observation":[505],"study":[508],"actually":[513],"works.":[514],"Understanding":[515,524],"scientific":[522,555],"thinking.":[523,532],"grammar":[525,557],"grammatical":[531,560,618],"words,":[535],"there":[536],"grammar,":[545,572],"whatsoever!":[551],"Science":[552],"thinking,":[556,561],"psychology":[562],"psychological":[565],"ing,":[567],"so":[569],"on.":[570],"nouns":[573,594],"(having":[574],"something":[575,585],"talk":[577,597],"about)":[578],"make":[579],"no":[580],"without":[582],"verbs":[583,609],"(saying":[584],"them).":[587,606,616],"At":[588],"same":[590],"time,":[591],"use":[593,608],"hence":[596],"something)":[599],"successfully":[600,610],"adjectives":[603],"qualify":[605,615],"To":[607],"adverbs":[613],"Each":[617],"structure":[619],"plays":[620],"logical":[622],"role":[623],"meaningful":[628],"relationships,":[629],"which":[630],"best":[633],"interrelated":[636],"ideas.":[639],"\u2026":[640]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2019-12-13T00:00:00"}