{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2991997789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0126-0","title":"Automated abnormality detection in lower extremity radiographs using deep learning","display_name":"Automated abnormality detection in lower extremity radiographs using deep learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2991997789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0126-0","mag":"2991997789"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-019-0126-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0126-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0126-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-3","norway-2","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012771499","display_name":"Maya Varma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0693-7753","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0693-7753"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maya Varma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018313588","display_name":"Mandy Lu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mandy Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057487932","display_name":"Rachel Gardner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2047-8928","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2047-8928"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel Gardner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049093095","display_name":"Jared Dunnmon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4002-0562","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4002-0562"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jared Dunnmon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038810604","display_name":"Nishith Khandwala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0738-0280","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0738-0280"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nishith Khandwala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001094226","display_name":"Pranav Rajpurkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8030-3727","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8030-3727"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pranav Rajpurkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003413325","display_name":"Jin Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6225-727X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6225-727X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109029795","display_name":"Christopher F. Beaulieu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6036-1962","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6036-1962"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Beaulieu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013976422","display_name":"Katie S. Shpanskaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2741-4046","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2741-4046","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2180-2059"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katie Shpanskaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100450462","display_name":"Li Fei-Fei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7481-0810","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7481-0810","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7652-0473"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Fei-Fei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038969629","display_name":"Matthew P. Lungren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8591-5861","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8591-5861","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8457-9034"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew P. Lungren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068794484","display_name":"Bhavik Natvar Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5157-9903","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5157-9903"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bhavik N. Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5157-9903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068794484"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":12690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":12690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5118,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93728947,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"12","first_page":"578","last_page":"583"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.7886000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.7886000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.14890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.012900000438094139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"anomaly detection","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/musculoskeletal-disorders","display_name":"musculoskeletal disorders","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pre-trained-models","display_name":"pre-trained models","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dense-connections","display_name":"dense connections","score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dataset-size","display_name":"dataset size","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-architecture","display_name":"model architecture","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triage","display_name":"triage","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-limited-settings","display_name":"resource-limited settings","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"radiology","score":0.5400000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777120189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780067","display_name":"Triage","level":2,"score":0.8427819013595581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50965678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2724302","display_name":"Abnormality","level":2,"score":0.8352267146110535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7387747168540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36454342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341","display_name":"Radiography","level":2,"score":0.7251429557800293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6786138415336609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6158223152160645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6117265224456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.562710165977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5352258086204529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.42719507217407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3986858129501343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.3840371370315552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3755742907524109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3458598256111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.15179595351219177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-019-0126-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0126-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0126-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-3","norway-2","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8371999859809875}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2473457003","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Ro1LM012966","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515702051","https://openalex.org/W1570613334","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W2042716610","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2126629875","https://openalex.org/W2149082288","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2328176404","https://openalex.org/W2345010043","https://openalex.org/W2516470530","https://openalex.org/W2521048164","https://openalex.org/W2557738935","https://openalex.org/W2560014990","https://openalex.org/W2733840449","https://openalex.org/W2744383480","https://openalex.org/W2766766852","https://openalex.org/W2767236661","https://openalex.org/W2769484769","https://openalex.org/W2770241596","https://openalex.org/W2788633781","https://openalex.org/W2803124023","https://openalex.org/W2884149198","https://openalex.org/W2897228760","https://openalex.org/W2901782819","https://openalex.org/W2901954625","https://openalex.org/W2912558669","https://openalex.org/W2949667497","https://openalex.org/W2963446712"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3033383454","https://openalex.org/W3201030643","https://openalex.org/W4324149877","https://openalex.org/W3012365277","https://openalex.org/W3093633899","https://openalex.org/W7217682346","https://openalex.org/W2964572287","https://openalex.org/W2981579353","https://openalex.org/W4224980663","https://openalex.org/W2803124023"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2019-12-13T00:00:00"}
