{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2991096026","doi":null,"title":"POTENTIAL OF WASTE-TO-ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES IN SAUDI ARABIA \u2013 IMPACT OF INCREASED POPULATION, HAJJ AND UMRAH, AND GLOBAL WASTE REDUCTION TRENDS IN 2030","display_name":"POTENTIAL OF WASTE-TO-ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES IN SAUDI ARABIA \u2013 IMPACT OF INCREASED POPULATION, HAJJ AND UMRAH, AND GLOBAL WASTE REDUCTION TRENDS IN 2030","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2991096026","mag":"2991096026"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dal.scholaris.ca:10222/76660","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10222/76660","pdf_url":"https://dal.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/b652c6b0-f850-4818-be21-b85050b73892/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064432","display_name":"DalSpace (Dalhousie University)","issn_l":"2041-2096","issn":["2041-2096"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-a","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","host_organization_name":"Dalhousie University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dal.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/b652c6b0-f850-4818-be21-b85050b73892/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohammad S. Al\u2010Zahrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1720-9372","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1720-9372"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad S. Al\u2010Zahrani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1720-9372","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1775,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56725062,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11108","display_name":"Municipal Solid Waste Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11108","display_name":"Municipal Solid Waste Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12920","display_name":"Healthcare and Environmental Waste Management","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14179","display_name":"Waste Management and Recycling","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-to-energy","display_name":"waste-to-energy","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/municipal-solid-waste","display_name":"municipal solid waste","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hajj-and-umrah-pilgrims","display_name":"Hajj and Umrah pilgrims","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mecca","display_name":"Mecca","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saudi-vision-2030","display_name":"Saudi Vision 2030","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anaerobic-digestion","display_name":"anaerobic digestion","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyrolysis","display_name":"pyrolysis","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-waste","display_name":"food waste","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plastic-waste","display_name":"plastic waste","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-generation-prediction","display_name":"waste generation forecasting","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-growth","display_name":"population growth","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-management-policy","display_name":"waste management policy","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability-development-goals","display_name":"sustainability development goals","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scenario-analysis","display_name":"scenario analysis","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saudi-arabia","display_name":"Saudi Arabia","score":0.621999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781009399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234915","display_name":"Hajj","level":3,"score":0.6438855528831482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196213036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915573","display_name":"Waste-to-energy","level":3,"score":0.5146847367286682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4293249249458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.3729788064956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.31794285774230957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29841551184654236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2576335668563843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130751788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622772","display_name":"Incineration","level":2,"score":0.18782329559326172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16738727688789368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.07205933332443237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dal.scholaris.ca:10222/76660","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10222/76660","pdf_url":"https://dal.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/b652c6b0-f850-4818-be21-b85050b73892/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064432","display_name":"DalSpace (Dalhousie University)","issn_l":"2041-2096","issn":["2041-2096"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-a","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","host_organization_name":"Dalhousie University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2991096026","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/76660","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dal.scholaris.ca:10222/76660","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10222/76660","pdf_url":"https://dal.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/b652c6b0-f850-4818-be21-b85050b73892/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064432","display_name":"DalSpace (Dalhousie University)","issn_l":"2041-2096","issn":["2041-2096"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-a","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","host_organization_name":"Dalhousie University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"score":0.9786999821662903,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"score":0.7250000238418579,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"},{"score":0.571399986743927,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"score":0.5378999710083008,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2991096026.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2991096026.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W624426060","https://openalex.org/W653953107","https://openalex.org/W1588076647","https://openalex.org/W1750675587","https://openalex.org/W1964379052","https://openalex.org/W1975962893","https://openalex.org/W1979226372","https://openalex.org/W1980159791","https://openalex.org/W1993723744","https://openalex.org/W2006931418","https://openalex.org/W2007763985","https://openalex.org/W2020040787","https://openalex.org/W2033286123","https://openalex.org/W2034633228","https://openalex.org/W2035525960","https://openalex.org/W2046701302","https://openalex.org/W2051579075","https://openalex.org/W2055849885","https://openalex.org/W2057573532","https://openalex.org/W2068237437","https://openalex.org/W2068905978","https://openalex.org/W2073060881","https://openalex.org/W2107785414","https://openalex.org/W2112568273","https://openalex.org/W2145574300","https://openalex.org/W2184024501","https://openalex.org/W2184659793","https://openalex.org/W2333979696","https://openalex.org/W2342112191","https://openalex.org/W2407197418","https://openalex.org/W2409338104","https://openalex.org/W2417320982","https://openalex.org/W2493951913","https://openalex.org/W2501666219","https://openalex.org/W2529428310","https://openalex.org/W2539142877","https://openalex.org/W2560276066","https://openalex.org/W2564659592","https://openalex.org/W2573269061","https://openalex.org/W2584601127","https://openalex.org/W2621360175","https://openalex.org/W2703242645","https://openalex.org/W2726039494","https://openalex.org/W2729108910","https://openalex.org/W2750687560","https://openalex.org/W2751525884","https://openalex.org/W2779856393","https://openalex.org/W2796285603","https://openalex.org/W2809399460","https://openalex.org/W2900748571","https://openalex.org/W2931142204","https://openalex.org/W2989997774","https://openalex.org/W2993418421","https://openalex.org/W3013687609","https://openalex.org/W6966350619"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2584601127","https://openalex.org/W7130695422","https://openalex.org/W2792349643","https://openalex.org/W3144770033","https://openalex.org/W2107785414","https://openalex.org/W3042547476","https://openalex.org/W2342112191","https://openalex.org/W2539142877","https://openalex.org/W4307921907","https://openalex.org/W138799661"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Municipal":[0],"Solid":[1],"Waste":[2],"(MSW)":[3],"Management":[4],"is":[5,515],"an":[6],"ever-present":[7],"environmental":[8],"issue":[9],"in":[10,170,197,221,250,255,259,328,382,449,540],"many":[11],"developing":[12],"nations,":[13],"including":[14],"the":[15,28,31,38,51,58,78,88,105,113,160,171,181,206,215,223,227,232,239,251,264,272,277,283,295,308,334,361,367,401,430,439,456,467,472,500,506,525,534,543],"Kingdom":[16],"of":[17,25,34,45,70,99,107,174,184,218,242,253,288,314,324,341,352,364,378,388,455,479,495,509,532,536],"Saudi":[18],"Arabia":[19],"(KSA),":[20],"where":[21,263,357],"each":[22],"year":[23],"millions":[24],"Muslims":[26],"across":[27],"world":[29],"visit":[30],"Holy":[32],"City":[33],"Makkah":[35,177,219,235,301,437,461,501,510],"to":[36,49,111,191,238,415,436,466,490,498,527],"perform":[37],"Hajj":[39,64,92,185,399,447],"pilgrimage":[40],"and":[41,65,73,94,124,134,139,144,151,162,176,180,187,201,244,276,291,304,321,391,398,420,441,446,504],"Umrah.":[42,66],"The":[43,67],"aim":[44],"this":[46],"study":[47],"was":[48,229,360],"determine":[50],"most":[52,156],"suitable":[53,157],"Waste-to-Energy":[54],"(WTE)":[55],"technologies":[56,80,425],"for":[57,83,91,119,158,210,355,396,405,460,470],"MSW":[59,167],"generated":[60,225],"by":[61,178,226,300,512,538],"KSA,":[62,307],"Makkah,":[63,471],"WTE":[68,203,261,266,279,297,310,394,424,458,468,484,521],"outcomes":[69,267,280,298,311,395,459,469],"energy,":[71],"power":[72,496,507],"economic":[74,347,421],"savings":[75,313,348,368,384],"produced":[76],"from":[77,166,234,271,282,349,369,372,385,423,444,483],"selected":[79],"were":[81,122,127,154,212,312,374,407],"predicted":[82],"2030,":[84,222,416],"taking":[85],"into":[86],"account":[87],"increased":[89,182,198,202],"targets":[90,404],"pilgrims":[93,186],"Umrah":[95,188,243,303,397,445],"visitors":[96,189,406],"as":[97],"part":[98],"KSA\u2019s":[100,192],"Vision":[101,193,402,431],"2030":[102,179,194,211,256,403,432,450,539],"plan.":[103,433],"Furthermore,":[104],"impact":[106],"potential":[108],"reduction":[109,121,135,252,287],"policies":[110],"meet":[112],"UN":[114],"sustainability":[115,530],"development":[116],"goals":[117],"(SDGs)":[118],"waste":[120,164,199,224,233,254,343,359,380,390,443,537],"investigated":[123],"four":[125],"scenarios":[126],"developed:":[128],"Current":[129],"practice":[130,274],"scenario":[131,275,284],"(no":[132],"reduction),":[133],"scenarios:":[136],"50%":[137,141,145,286],"food":[138,142,161,290,342,353,358,440],"plastic,":[140],"only":[143],"plastic":[146,163,379,389,442],"only.":[147],"Anaerobic":[148],"Digestion":[149],"(AD)":[150],"pyrolysis":[152,377],"technology":[153],"found":[155],"treating":[159],"components":[165],"separately.":[168],"Increases":[169],"population":[172,217],"growth":[173,414],"KSA":[175,293,336],"numbers":[183,209],"due":[190,237],"plan":[195],"resulted":[196,381],"generation":[200],"outcomes.":[204],"Although":[205],"targeted":[207],"visitor/pilgrim":[208],"greater":[213],"than":[214,231],"local":[216],"residents":[220],"tourists":[228],"less":[230],"residents,":[236],"short":[240],"duration":[241],"Hajj.":[245,305],"Policies":[246],"that":[247,331,517],"would":[248,257,474],"result":[249,258],"reduced":[260],"outcomes,":[262],"highest":[265,296,309],"could":[268,332,426,451,487,523],"be":[269,427,488],"obtained":[270,281,428],"current":[273],"lowest":[278],"with":[285,412,429,520,542],"both":[289],"plastic.":[292],"gave":[294],"followed":[299],"city,":[302,438],"For":[306],"13,922":[315],"million":[316,319],"SAR":[317],"(3,711":[318],"USD)":[320],"total":[322,477],"energy":[323,419,478],"202,472":[325],"TJ":[326,481],"resulting":[327],"2.15":[329],"GW":[330],"subsidize":[333,499],"future":[335],"electricity":[337,370,392,502],"demand":[338],"gap.":[339],"AD":[340],"typically":[344],"had":[345],"higher":[346],"landfill":[350,386],"diversion":[351,387],"waste,":[354,365],"cases":[356],"major":[362],"type":[363],"however":[366],"production":[371],"biogas":[373],"relatively":[375],"small;":[376],"equal":[383],"savings.":[393],"using":[400],"approximately":[408,453],"double":[409],"those":[410],"achieved":[411],"normal":[413],"thus":[417],"more":[418],"benefits":[422],"In":[434],"relation":[435],"events":[448],"contribute":[452],"half":[454],"corresponding":[457],"alone.":[462],"Therefore,":[463],"if":[464],"added":[465],"city":[473,511],"have":[475],"a":[476],"18,018":[480],"available":[482],"technologies,":[485],"which":[486],"transformed":[489],"192":[491],"MW":[492],"(0.2":[493],"GW)":[494],"capacity":[497],"grid":[503],"reduce":[505],"gap":[508],"12%.":[513],"It":[514],"suggested":[516],"recycling,":[518],"along":[519],"technology,":[522],"help":[524],"kingdom":[526],"reach":[528],"its":[529],"goal":[531],"reducing":[533],"amount":[535],"tandem":[541],"UN\u2019s":[544],"SDGs":[545]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2019-12-05T00:00:00"}