{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2991069490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2019.1690412","title":"Indonesia\u2019s Democratic Paradox: Competitive Elections amidst Rising Illiberalism","display_name":"Indonesia\u2019s Democratic Paradox: Competitive Elections amidst Rising Illiberalism","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2991069490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2019.1690412","mag":"2991069490"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00074918.2019.1690412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2019.1690412","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2019.1690412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203364070","display_name":"Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies","issn_l":"0007-4918","issn":["0007-4918","1472-7234"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051179148","display_name":"Edward Aspinall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4678-298X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4678-298X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Aspinall","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Australian National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Australian National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016329013","display_name":"Marcus Mietzner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8086-0830","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8086-0830"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcus Mietzner","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Australian National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Australian National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":28.9819,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":105,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99491328,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"3","first_page":"295","last_page":"317"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13476","display_name":"Indonesian Election Politics and Participation","score":0.5903000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13476","display_name":"Indonesian Election Politics and Participation","score":0.5903000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11256","display_name":"Asian Studies and History","score":0.392300009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.013500000350177288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-democracy","display_name":"electoral democracy","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illiberalism","display_name":"illiberalism","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-backsliding","display_name":"democratic backsliding","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-personalization","display_name":"personalization of politics","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-polarization","display_name":"religious polarization","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting-behavior","display_name":"voting behavior","score":0.796999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.7764339447021484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779220109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50000","display_name":"Victory","level":3,"score":0.7387774586677551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.6110585927963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5551959276199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.552237868309021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83009810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204","display_name":"Legislature","level":2,"score":0.5506278872489929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.5250406265258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4994661808013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48968270421028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4246303141117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.3747151792049408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.21414747834205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00074918.2019.1690412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2019.1690412","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2019.1690412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203364070","display_name":"Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies","issn_l":"0007-4918","issn":["0007-4918","1472-7234"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au:1885/204916","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/204916/5/01_Aspinall_Indonesia%2527s_Democratic_2019.pdf.jpg","pdf_url":"https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/204916/5/01_Aspinall_Indonesia%2527s_Democratic_2019.pdf.jpg","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402539","display_name":"ANU Open Research (Australian National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","host_organization_name":"Australian National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:bindes:v:55:y:2019:i:3:p:295-317","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00074918.2019.1690412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7200000286102295}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W592176034","https://openalex.org/W1159258110","https://openalex.org/W1506626744","https://openalex.org/W1990185415","https://openalex.org/W2022902198","https://openalex.org/W2026126552","https://openalex.org/W2038031733","https://openalex.org/W2083675395","https://openalex.org/W2084890382","https://openalex.org/W2096506896","https://openalex.org/W2121467884","https://openalex.org/W2123193427","https://openalex.org/W2169748395","https://openalex.org/W2291871873","https://openalex.org/W2293201281","https://openalex.org/W2296297756","https://openalex.org/W2319808616","https://openalex.org/W2340666651","https://openalex.org/W2493360864","https://openalex.org/W2551499567","https://openalex.org/W2623873986","https://openalex.org/W2808482456","https://openalex.org/W2905311731","https://openalex.org/W2941058737","https://openalex.org/W2944417535","https://openalex.org/W2962254002","https://openalex.org/W2969325529","https://openalex.org/W2970080190","https://openalex.org/W2980036133","https://openalex.org/W2984375166","https://openalex.org/W3109072377","https://openalex.org/W3148686019","https://openalex.org/W3185997694","https://openalex.org/W4235256948","https://openalex.org/W4235643424","https://openalex.org/W4242247992","https://openalex.org/W4244739463","https://openalex.org/W4250264946","https://openalex.org/W4302408820"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2388235990","https://openalex.org/W2511431888","https://openalex.org/W2003463155","https://openalex.org/W2980119548","https://openalex.org/W1579717711","https://openalex.org/W2103744108","https://openalex.org/W2097640227","https://openalex.org/W2363315805","https://openalex.org/W2331277503","https://openalex.org/W4242243403"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indonesia\u2019s":[0,146],"2019":[1],"elections":[2,95,148],"confirmed":[3],"both":[4],"the":[5,14,37,40,55,59,69,94,98,104,113,133,143,154],"country\u2019s":[6],"status":[7],"as":[8],"a":[9,46,120],"competitive":[10,147],"electoral":[11,60],"democracy":[12],"and":[13,116],"trend":[15],"of":[16,49,58,100,106,122,145],"decreasing":[17],"democratic":[18],"quality.":[19],"In":[20,135],"this":[21,25],"article,":[22],"we":[23,139],"investigate":[24],"seemingly":[26],"paradoxical":[27],"pattern":[28],"by":[29],"highlighting":[30],"four":[31],"political":[32,101],"arenas":[33],"directly":[34],"associated":[35],"with":[36,103,149],"elections.":[38],"First,":[39],"incumbent":[41],"government\u2019s":[42],"failure":[43],"to":[44,64,76,87,119],"secure":[45],"larger":[47],"margin":[48],"victory":[50],"for":[51,68,80],"President":[52],"Jokowi":[53,81],"highlights":[54],"continued":[56],"competitiveness":[57],"system,":[61],"despite":[62],"attempts":[63],"use":[65],"state":[66,78],"agencies":[67],"president\u2019s":[70],"re-election":[71],"campaign.":[72],"Second,":[73],"although":[74],"efforts":[75],"mobilise":[77],"resources":[79],"were":[82],"largely":[83],"unsuccessful,":[84],"they":[85],"added":[86],"an":[88],"already":[89],"significant":[90],"illiberal":[91,150],"shift.":[92],"Third,":[93],"further":[96],"accelerated":[97],"weakening":[99],"parties,":[102],"personalisation":[105],"legislative":[107],"polls":[108],"achieving":[109],"new":[110],"heights.":[111],"Finally,":[112],"election":[114],"campaign":[115],"results":[117],"led":[118],"level":[121],"religious":[123],"polarisation":[124],"in":[125,132,157],"voting":[126],"behaviour":[127],"that":[128,141],"was":[129],"last":[130],"seen":[131],"1950s.":[134],"analysing":[136],"these":[137],"themes,":[138],"argue":[140],"while":[142],"co-existence":[144],"trends":[151],"appears":[152],"contradictory,":[153],"two":[155],"are":[156],"fact":[158],"interrelated.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-20T09:52:01.089006","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}