{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2990977659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235042","title":"An Effective Framework Using Spatial Correlation and Extreme Learning Machine for Moving Cast Shadow Detection","display_name":"An Effective Framework Using Spatial Correlation and Extreme Learning Machine for Moving Cast Shadow Detection","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2990977659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235042","mag":"2990977659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app9235042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/23/5042/pdf?version=1575598418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/23/5042/pdf?version=1575598418","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074492862","display_name":"Yugen Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9828-0319","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9828-0319","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2726-9873","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1049-5022"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53592917","display_name":"Jiangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkgk822","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53592917"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yugen Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9828-0319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53592917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002313531","display_name":"Jiangyan Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-4629","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-4629","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5689-5315"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66883779","display_name":"Weifang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01frp7483","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiangyan Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080182568","display_name":"Chengduan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1131-1407","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1131-1407"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66883779","display_name":"Weifang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01frp7483","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengduan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103848506","display_name":"Jinkui Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6548-3299","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6548-3299"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66883779","display_name":"Weifang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01frp7483","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinkui Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100651507","display_name":"Huihui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1012-8089","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1012-8089"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66883779","display_name":"Weifang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01frp7483","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huihui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100358880","display_name":"Yunlong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3662-3512","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3662-3512"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66883779","display_name":"Weifang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01frp7483","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunlong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3662-3512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101436628","display_name":"Jin Gang Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8925-5215","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8925-5215","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1129-8490"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66883779","display_name":"Weifang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01frp7483","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002313531"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1520},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1520},"fwci":0.7924,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73157039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"23","first_page":"5042","last_page":"5042"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-learning-machine","display_name":"extreme learning machine","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-correlation","display_name":"spatial correlation","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow-segmentation","display_name":"shadow segmentation","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreground-detection","display_name":"foreground detection","score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel-level-features","display_name":"pixel-level features","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-space-features","display_name":"color space features","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-processing-refinement","display_name":"post-processing refinement","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moving-objects","display_name":"moving objects","score":0.5189999938011169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8350914716720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7860649228096008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7828196287155151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7634825706481934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5670359134674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5079181790351868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.48283323645591736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4568499028682709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780150128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21948731","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","level":3,"score":0.42624369263648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39279189705848694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.09368640184402466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app9235042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/23/5042/pdf?version=1575598418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:11a768a8a8e2403fb03c0c7a44d62ec0","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/11a768a8a8e2403fb03c0c7a44d62ec0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 9, Iss 23, p 5042 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app9235042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/23/5042/pdf?version=1575598418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1301459574","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602221","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1393474090","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018BS11","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4085426200","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20171BAB21009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322665","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4423467852","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018BS11","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5857763217","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"31872847","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6120158326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602221, 61602222","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G663198462","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41661083","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6744489042","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"31872847","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6942826205","display_name":"\u8bfe\u5802\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u591a\u6a21\u6001\u5b66\u4e60\u5174\u8da3\u6c34\u5e73\u68c0\u6d4b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61967010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7566348424","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61907007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7585066233","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2017QF011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7758340248","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602222","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8497848174","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018GX004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8823091846","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2017QF011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8991929922","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018GX004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322665","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2990977659.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2990977659.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1015836800","https://openalex.org/W1520795727","https://openalex.org/W1588284801","https://openalex.org/W1746487957","https://openalex.org/W1811383104","https://openalex.org/W1884470205","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1906669240","https://openalex.org/W1968859087","https://openalex.org/W1976363322","https://openalex.org/W2004364127","https://openalex.org/W2008543119","https://openalex.org/W2010922075","https://openalex.org/W2015407763","https://openalex.org/W2021372869","https://openalex.org/W2023151535","https://openalex.org/W2029683515","https://openalex.org/W2031460779","https://openalex.org/W2044927065","https://openalex.org/W2065398998","https://openalex.org/W2083743966","https://openalex.org/W2094984117","https://openalex.org/W2096989099","https://openalex.org/W2098305432","https://openalex.org/W2099438908","https://openalex.org/W2101705628","https://openalex.org/W2105621472","https://openalex.org/W2118073342","https://openalex.org/W2121971770","https://openalex.org/W2122585444","https://openalex.org/W2123009513","https://openalex.org/W2132905833","https://openalex.org/W2133593693","https://openalex.org/W2136048030","https://openalex.org/W2140132714","https://openalex.org/W2143373691","https://openalex.org/W2144527376","https://openalex.org/W2144720632","https://openalex.org/W2147558395","https://openalex.org/W2157617877","https://openalex.org/W2252574053","https://openalex.org/W2469286613","https://openalex.org/W2519623608","https://openalex.org/W2521508828","https://openalex.org/W2605358040","https://openalex.org/W2746022125","https://openalex.org/W2765535295","https://openalex.org/W2768795283","https://openalex.org/W2771617895","https://openalex.org/W2778491011","https://openalex.org/W2790646268","https://openalex.org/W2794135378","https://openalex.org/W2800491435","https://openalex.org/W2838192377","https://openalex.org/W2891662540","https://openalex.org/W2980503655"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3189352981","https://openalex.org/W1015836800","https://openalex.org/W2266727656","https://openalex.org/W3153063242","https://openalex.org/W1995146720","https://openalex.org/W2564653135","https://openalex.org/W3007041910","https://openalex.org/W2838192377","https://openalex.org/W2612488331","https://openalex.org/W4286811032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Moving":[0],"cast":[1,37,51],"shadows":[2,134,143],"of":[3,10,77,81,96,142,166,185],"moving":[4,36,50,167],"objects":[5,145],"significantly":[6],"degrade":[7],"the":[8,57,68,74,93,102,124,127,140,158,164,183,186],"performance":[9,184],"many":[11],"high-level":[12],"computer":[13],"vision":[14],"applications":[15],"such":[16],"as":[17],"object":[18,20],"tracking,":[19],"classification,":[21],"behavior":[22],"recognition":[23],"and":[24,88,114,144],"scene":[25],"interpretation.":[26],"Because":[27],"they":[28,131],"possess":[29],"similar":[30],"motion":[31],"characteristics":[32],"with":[33],"their":[34],"objects,":[35],"shadow":[38,52,65,113,116,168],"detection":[39,53],"is":[40,109,119,154,189],"still":[41],"challenging.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"paper,":[45],"we":[46],"present":[47],"a":[48,150],"novel":[49],"framework":[54,188],"based":[55],"on":[56,172],"extreme":[58],"learning":[59],"machine":[60],"(ELM)":[61],"to":[62,73,121,133,138,156,191],"efficiently":[63],"distinguish":[64,123],"points":[66,125],"from":[67,92,101],"foreground":[69],"object.":[70],"First,":[71],"according":[72],"physical":[75],"model":[76,108],"shadows,":[78],"pixel-level":[79],"features":[80,90],"different":[82,85,179],"channels":[83],"in":[84,126],"color":[86],"spaces":[87],"region-level":[89],"derived":[91],"spatial":[94],"correlation":[95],"neighboring":[97],"pixels":[98],"are":[99],"extracted":[100],"foreground.":[103],"Second,":[104],"an":[105],"ELM-based":[106],"classification":[107],"developed":[110],"by":[111],"labelled":[112],"unlabelled":[115],"points,":[117],"which":[118,160],"able":[120],"rapidly":[122],"new":[128],"input":[129],"whether":[130],"belong":[132],"or":[135],"not.":[136],"Finally,":[137],"guarantee":[139],"integrity":[141],"for":[146],"further":[147],"image":[148],"processing,":[149],"simple":[151],"post-processing":[152],"procedure":[153],"designed":[155],"refine":[157],"results,":[159],"also":[161],"drastically":[162],"improves":[163],"accuracy":[165],"detection.":[169],"Extensive":[170],"experiments":[171],"two":[173],"publicly":[174],"common":[175],"datasets":[176],"including":[177],"13":[178],"scenes":[180],"demonstrate":[181],"that":[182],"proposed":[187],"superior":[190],"representative":[192],"state-of-the-art":[193],"methods.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2019-12-05T00:00:00"}