{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2990824829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-190939","title":"What causes dyslexia? Identifying the causes and effective compensatory therapy","display_name":"What causes dyslexia? Identifying the causes and effective compensatory therapy","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2990824829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-190939","mag":"2990824829","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31796709","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6971836"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/rnn-190939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-190939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-190939","pdf_url":"https://content.iospress.com:443/download/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn190939?id=restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience%2Frnn190939","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6182497","display_name":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience","issn_l":"0922-6028","issn":["0922-6028","1878-3627"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://content.iospress.com:443/download/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn190939?id=restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience%2Frnn190939","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002658842","display_name":"Reinhard Werth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0305-1693","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0305-1693"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Reinhard Werth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002658842"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"apc_list":{"value":4150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4150},"apc_paid":{"value":4150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4150},"fwci":4.4485,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9401281,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"6","first_page":"591","last_page":"608"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dyslexia","display_name":"dyslexia","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-disabilities","display_name":"reading disorders","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudowords","display_name":"pseudowords","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movements","display_name":"eye movements","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixation-duration","display_name":"fixation duration","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saccadic-amplitude","display_name":"saccadic amplitude","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-onset-latency","display_name":"speech onset latency","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-strategies","display_name":"reading strategies","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children","display_name":"children","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effect-size","display_name":"effect size","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproducibility","display_name":"reproducibility","score":0.8209999799728394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506058694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132971","display_name":"Dyslexia","level":3,"score":0.9044828414916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.748762845993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5877522230148315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5660728812217712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776907103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17077617","display_name":"Reading disability","level":4,"score":0.4211670160293579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.3919762969017029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.33896487951278687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1967475414276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.16469690203666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001521","descriptor_name":"Behavior Therapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004410","descriptor_name":"Dyslexia","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004410","descriptor_name":"Dyslexia","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004410","descriptor_name":"Dyslexia","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/rnn-190939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-190939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-190939","pdf_url":"https://content.iospress.com:443/download/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn190939?id=restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience%2Frnn190939","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6182497","display_name":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience","issn_l":"0922-6028","issn":["0922-6028","1878-3627"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6971836","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6971836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Restor Neurol Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:31796709","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31796709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Restorative neurology and neuroscience","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/rnn-190939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-190939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-190939","pdf_url":"https://content.iospress.com:443/download/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn190939?id=restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience%2Frnn190939","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6182497","display_name":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience","issn_l":"0922-6028","issn":["0922-6028","1878-3627"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2990824829.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2990824829.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W658094782","https://openalex.org/W771844476","https://openalex.org/W1524326598","https://openalex.org/W1647461691","https://openalex.org/W1965508252","https://openalex.org/W1967388327","https://openalex.org/W1977046736","https://openalex.org/W1990201717","https://openalex.org/W1993079203","https://openalex.org/W1995305726","https://openalex.org/W1997513618","https://openalex.org/W2001354876","https://openalex.org/W2005032463","https://openalex.org/W2006259697","https://openalex.org/W2008807393","https://openalex.org/W2011286229","https://openalex.org/W2012463461","https://openalex.org/W2016164998","https://openalex.org/W2017389386","https://openalex.org/W2018742491","https://openalex.org/W2021176389","https://openalex.org/W2035430779","https://openalex.org/W2036698920","https://openalex.org/W2041357372","https://openalex.org/W2041996883","https://openalex.org/W2043193174","https://openalex.org/W2045775842","https://openalex.org/W2047346428","https://openalex.org/W2047444697","https://openalex.org/W2049764429","https://openalex.org/W2052013527","https://openalex.org/W2061759044","https://openalex.org/W2064145136","https://openalex.org/W2081175050","https://openalex.org/W2089755222","https://openalex.org/W2089993611","https://openalex.org/W2091035921","https://openalex.org/W2092424069","https://openalex.org/W2106362190","https://openalex.org/W2107041830","https://openalex.org/W2110747535","https://openalex.org/W2113250087","https://openalex.org/W2119647402","https://openalex.org/W2120803654","https://openalex.org/W2128039129","https://openalex.org/W2130916228","https://openalex.org/W2133770453","https://openalex.org/W2136025603","https://openalex.org/W2141250394","https://openalex.org/W2142930345","https://openalex.org/W2144804691","https://openalex.org/W2144981148","https://openalex.org/W2149185072","https://openalex.org/W2153086858","https://openalex.org/W2154385206","https://openalex.org/W2155820365","https://openalex.org/W2159011576","https://openalex.org/W2159267575","https://openalex.org/W2161498332","https://openalex.org/W2162753814","https://openalex.org/W2208311786","https://openalex.org/W2228280730","https://openalex.org/W2293040502","https://openalex.org/W2322275671","https://openalex.org/W2331384579","https://openalex.org/W2337022250","https://openalex.org/W2486285194","https://openalex.org/W2592603662","https://openalex.org/W2733345131","https://openalex.org/W2736848882","https://openalex.org/W2776961836","https://openalex.org/W2783062281","https://openalex.org/W2797884775","https://openalex.org/W2805241900","https://openalex.org/W2806181160","https://openalex.org/W2900165335","https://openalex.org/W2922853138","https://openalex.org/W2924641531","https://openalex.org/W3139535682","https://openalex.org/W4236222714","https://openalex.org/W4240809722","https://openalex.org/W4297918764","https://openalex.org/W4298349088","https://openalex.org/W4299515571"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2900165335","https://openalex.org/W2069575056","https://openalex.org/W2405805556","https://openalex.org/W4386848853","https://openalex.org/W635092151","https://openalex.org/W4323843359","https://openalex.org/W3156903413","https://openalex.org/W7030478193","https://openalex.org/W2582091044","https://openalex.org/W2986739689"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BackgroundChildren":[0],"are":[1,53,58,86,368],"diagnosed":[2],"as":[3,295],"dyslexic":[4],"when":[5],"their":[6,18],"reading":[7,39,74,80,126,139,150,159,219,227,356,373],"performance":[8,81,160,359],"is":[9,40],"much":[10,308],"below":[11],"that":[12,221,241,251,328],"which":[13,71],"could":[14],"be":[15,23,96,103,234,341],"expected":[16],"for":[17],"educational":[19],"level":[20],"and":[21,46,55,77,98,114,128,154,164,179,186,237,285,334,352],"cannot":[22],"explained":[24],"by":[25,33,171,343,370],"a":[26,34,41,73,157,218,276,280,286,320,332,344,349,354],"sensory,":[27],"neurological":[28],"or":[29,32,88],"psychiatric":[30],"deficit":[31],"low":[35],"IQ.":[36],"Although":[37],"poor":[38,158],"major":[42],"obstacle":[43],"to":[44,110,148,191,233,273],"school":[45],"career":[47],"achievement,":[48],"the":[49,63,79,99,107,112,122,130,133,142,149,187,194,204,210,215,223,226,242,245,262,301,305,329,363],"causes":[50,64,155,224,296,337,365],"of":[51,65,106,116,124,132,138,144,156,166,174,203,212,225,244,261,278,297,300,322,338,348,366],"dyslexia":[52,339,367],"unclear":[54],"traditional":[56],"therapies":[57],"often":[59],"unsuccessful.":[60],"To":[61,90],"determine":[62],"dyslexia,":[66],"experiments":[67,94],"must":[68,95,102],"demonstrate":[69,129],"under":[70],"conditions":[72,85],"disorder":[75],"occurs":[76],"whether":[78],"improves":[82,360],"if":[83,362],"these":[84,213],"abolished":[87],"compensated.":[89],"avoid":[91],"irreproducible":[92],"results,":[93,214],"repeated":[97],"effect":[100,317],"size":[101,318],"calculated.ObjectivesThe":[104],"aims":[105],"study":[108],"were":[109,161,169,199,206,247,292,307],"investigate":[111],"rate":[113,143,163],"location":[115,165],"misread":[117,167,252],"letters":[118,168,253],"within":[119],"pseudowords,":[120,259],"prove":[121],"effectiveness":[123],"compensatory":[125,355],"therapy":[127,140,230,246,330],"reproducibility":[131],"experimental":[134],"results.":[135],"The":[136,229,315],"influence":[137],"on":[141],"eye":[145],"movements":[146],"opposite":[147],"direction":[151],"was":[152,231,239,249],"investigated":[153,170],"identified.MethodsThe":[162],"tachystoscopic":[172],"presentation":[173],"pseudowords":[175,205],"containing":[176],"between":[177],"three":[178],"six":[180],"letters.":[181],"Presentation":[182],"time,":[183,185],"fixation":[184,283],"time":[188,284],"it":[189,238],"takes":[190],"begin":[192],"pronouncing":[193],"words":[195],"(speech":[196],"onset":[197,290],"latency)":[198],"changed":[200],"until":[201],"95%":[202],"recognized":[207],"correctly.":[208],"On":[209],"basis":[211],"children":[216],"learned":[217],"strategy":[220],"compensated":[222,369],"disorder.":[228],"demonstrated":[232],"highly":[235],"effective":[236],"shown":[240,250],"results":[243],"reproducible.ResultsIt":[248],"occurred":[254],"at":[255],"all":[256,293],"locations":[257],"in":[258,304],"regardless":[260],"word's":[263],"length.":[264],"Inadequate":[265],"fixation,":[266],"excessively":[267],"large":[268],"saccadic":[269],"amplitudes,":[270],"reduced":[271],"ability":[272],"simultaneously":[274],"recognize":[275],"sequence":[277],"letters,":[279],"longer":[281,287],"required":[282,288],"speech":[289],"latency":[291],"identified":[294,364],"dyslexia.":[298],"Each":[299],"studies":[302],"included":[303],"meta-analysis":[306],"more":[309],"efficient":[310],"than":[311],"conventional":[312],"therapeutic":[313],"methods.":[314],"overall":[316],"with":[319],"value":[321],"Hedges'":[323],"G":[324],"=":[325],"1.72":[326],"showed":[327],"had":[331],"reproducible":[333],"stable":[335],"effect.ConclusionsThe":[336],"can":[340],"revealed":[342],"dual-intervention":[345],"approach":[346],"consisting":[347],"pseudoword":[350],"experiment":[351],"learning":[353],"strategy.":[357],"Reading":[358],"immediately":[361],"an":[371],"appropriate":[372],"therapy.":[374]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2019-12-05T00:00:00"}
