{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2990779795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.2773","title":"Effective and efficient Java\u2010type obfuscation","display_name":"Effective and efficient Java\u2010type obfuscation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2990779795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.2773","mag":"2990779795"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/spe.2773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.2773","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.2773","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122199241","display_name":"Software Practice and Experience","issn_l":"0038-0644","issn":["0038-0644","1097-024X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084236452","display_name":"Christophe Foket","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4414-8483","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4414-8483"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christophe Foket","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4414-8483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080181390","display_name":"Koen De Bosschere","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6338-4297","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6338-4297"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koen De Bosschere","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6338-4297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090947977","display_name":"Bjorn De Sutter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0317-2089","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0317-2089"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bjorn De Sutter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","Bjorn De Sutter, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0317-2089","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bjorn De Sutter, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090947977"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"apc_list":{"value":3200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3200},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6997,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70172934,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"2","first_page":"136","last_page":"160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.011800000444054604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-obfuscation","display_name":"code obfuscation","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java-bytecode","display_name":"Java bytecode","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-engineering-protection","display_name":"reverse engineering protection","score":0.6700000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8761051893234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779818221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837330","display_name":"Bytecode","level":3,"score":0.783228874206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207850805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269608","display_name":"Reverse engineering","level":2,"score":0.7703414559364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.6586302518844604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.5277039408683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4986894130706787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4406852722167969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777472213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137496","display_name":"Java bytecode","level":5,"score":0.4123106002807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3810344338417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.33053073287010193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132106392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1373903","display_name":"Real time Java","level":3,"score":0.22521421313285828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168702491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567345","display_name":"Java annotation","level":4,"score":0.18099981546401978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.15552359819412231}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/spe.2773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.2773","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.2773","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122199241","display_name":"Software Practice and Experience","issn_l":"0038-0644","issn":["0038-0644","1097-024X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:8641753","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-8641753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1097-024X","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321732","display_name":"Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie","ror":"https://ror.org/01antkr91"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W201406093","https://openalex.org/W1498914194","https://openalex.org/W1514023947","https://openalex.org/W1567046609","https://openalex.org/W1575308494","https://openalex.org/W1785944873","https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W1968692939","https://openalex.org/W1975837793","https://openalex.org/W1979680516","https://openalex.org/W1987830983","https://openalex.org/W1999346693","https://openalex.org/W2000952465","https://openalex.org/W2001383953","https://openalex.org/W2013901208","https://openalex.org/W2025043404","https://openalex.org/W2108551812","https://openalex.org/W2109859526","https://openalex.org/W2126851641","https://openalex.org/W2153887189","https://openalex.org/W2159928435","https://openalex.org/W2166462894","https://openalex.org/W2167036677","https://openalex.org/W2167363007","https://openalex.org/W2167363133","https://openalex.org/W2314464932","https://openalex.org/W2594268538","https://openalex.org/W2803311659","https://openalex.org/W4244520147","https://openalex.org/W4252647935"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001383953","https://openalex.org/W7096695957","https://openalex.org/W650298856","https://openalex.org/W1567046609","https://openalex.org/W7098117464","https://openalex.org/W2126851641","https://openalex.org/W4386124496","https://openalex.org/W7097292779","https://openalex.org/W2096643004","https://openalex.org/W7162027311"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Summary":[0],"To":[1],"protect":[2],"valuable":[3],"assets":[4],"embedded":[5],"in":[6,84,150],"software":[7,11],"against":[8,111],"reverse\u2010engineering":[9,116],"attacks,":[10],"obfuscations":[12,147],"aim":[13],"at":[14,22],"raising":[15],"the":[16,41,51,59,77,108,123,134,138,141],"apparent":[17],"complexity":[18],"of":[19,44,50,76,100,137],"programs":[20],"and":[21,47,70,114],"removing":[23],"information":[24,53],"that":[25,39,54,106,122],"is":[26,125],"useful":[27],"for":[28,74,90],"attackers.":[29],"In":[30],"this":[31,144],"work,":[32],"we":[33],"propose":[34],"to":[35],"combine":[36],"five":[37],"transformations":[38],"obfuscate":[40],"type":[42,52],"hierarchy":[43],"Java":[45,60],"applications":[46],"eliminate":[48],"much":[49,130],"can":[55],"be":[56],"inferred":[57],"from":[58],"bytecode.":[61],"We":[62,92],"rely":[63],"on":[64,98],"some":[65,75],"existing":[66],"algorithms,":[67],"present":[68,93],"adaptations,":[69],"introduce":[71],"new":[72],"algorithms":[73],"transformations,":[78],"which":[79],"are":[80],"all":[81],"made":[82],"available":[83],"an":[85,94],"open\u2010source":[86],"prototype":[87],"implementation":[88],"ready":[89],"take\u2010up.":[91],"extensive":[95],"experimental":[96],"evaluation":[97],"benchmarks":[99],"real\u2010world":[101,151],"complexity,":[102],"using":[103],"complementary":[104],"metrics":[105],"cover":[107],"protection":[109],"strength":[110],"both":[112],"human":[113],"tool\u2010based":[115],"attack":[117],"methods.":[118],"The":[119],"results":[120],"indicate":[121],"obfuscation":[124],"effective":[126],"as":[127,129],"well":[128],"more":[131],"efficient":[132],"than":[133],"previous":[135],"state":[136],"art.":[139],"For":[140],"first":[142],"time,":[143],"makes":[145],"these":[146],"practically":[148],"viable":[149],"deployment":[152],"scenarios.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2019-12-05T00:00:00"}