{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2990779364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2017.2017-385","title":"Doubly Robust Exposure-Response Curve Estimation using Penalized Spline: Application to Long-term PM2.5 and Probability of Death in a Year","display_name":"Doubly Robust Exposure-Response Curve Estimation using Penalized Spline: Application to Long-term PM2.5 and Probability of Death in a Year","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2990779364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2017.2017-385","mag":"2990779364"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1289/isee.2017.2017-385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2017.2017-385","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2017.2017-385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195765","display_name":"ISEE Conference Abstracts","issn_l":"1078-0475","issn":["1078-0475","2169-2181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319799","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319799","https://openalex.org/P4310316754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","National Institutes of Health"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISEE Conference Abstracts","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-abstract","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100322928","display_name":"Yan Qiao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2237-8816","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2237-8816"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States,  E-mail Address: [email\u00a0protected]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States,  E-mail Address: [email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103274528","display_name":"Tom Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5301-5447","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5301-5447"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046271043","display_name":"Mihye Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9689-6937","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9689-6937"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mihye Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038901484","display_name":"Liuhua Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-4644","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-4644","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2946-758X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liuhua Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057039420","display_name":"Pengfei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8401-6752","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8401-6752","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5217-0760"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078003862","display_name":"Tianxi Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5379-2502","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5379-2502"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianxi Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065934506","display_name":"Antonella Zanobetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8170-4736","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8170-4736"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonella Zanobetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007008626","display_name":"Francesca Dominici","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9382-0141","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9382-0141","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5964-0756"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Dominici","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046557560","display_name":"Joel David Schwartz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6168-378X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6168-378X","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5232-9957","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0979-9432"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel D. Schwartz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2017","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.8765000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.8765000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.07909999787807465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.022199999541044235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pm2-5","display_name":"PM2.5","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exposure-response-curves","display_name":"exposure-response curves","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doubly-robust-estimation","display_name":"doubly robust estimation","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"causal inference","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penalized-b-splines","display_name":"penalized B-splines","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality","display_name":"mortality","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-adults","display_name":"older adults","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicare-beneficiaries","display_name":"Medicare beneficiaries","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/premature-mortality","display_name":"premature mortality","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-misspecification","display_name":"model misspecification","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/congestive-heart-failure","display_name":"congestive heart failure","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"diabetes mellitus","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease","display_name":"chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myocardial-infarction","display_name":"myocardial infarction","score":0.9509999752044678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.6740431785583496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.6696802973747253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5668478608131409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5431910157203674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5058674216270447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.4774618446826935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207103383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3930246","display_name":"Hazard ratio","level":3,"score":0.46643567085266113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.44978559017181396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26831200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16963953","display_name":"Marginal structural model","level":3,"score":0.4370403587818146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119043178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Covariate","level":2,"score":0.4323791265487671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10390562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581809","display_name":"Spline (mechanical)","level":2,"score":0.4322265088558197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3893122971057892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.30374613404273987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1289/isee.2017.2017-385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2017.2017-385","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2017.2017-385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195765","display_name":"ISEE Conference Abstracts","issn_l":"1078-0475","issn":["1078-0475","2169-2181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319799","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319799","https://openalex.org/P4310316754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","National Institutes of Health"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISEE Conference Abstracts","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2990229028","https://openalex.org/W4406444135","https://openalex.org/W4401166019","https://openalex.org/W2745996282","https://openalex.org/W3195350278","https://openalex.org/W2902852564","https://openalex.org/W2886018637","https://openalex.org/W2915205910","https://openalex.org/W6939285738","https://openalex.org/W3012466815"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background/Aim:":[0],"The":[1,149,162,206,230,267],"effect":[2,39],"of":[3,23,61,115,142,165,235,282,284],"long-term":[4,56],"exposure":[5,70,222],"to":[6,48,129,155,173,189,257],"PM2.5":[7,57,73,88,105,181,276],"on":[8,72,81,279],"mortality":[9,278],"has":[10,291],"traditionally":[11],"been":[12,254],"presented":[13],"using":[14,106,124],"hazard":[15,296],"ratios,":[16],"whereas":[17],"how":[18],"exposures":[19],"change":[20],"the":[21,59,112,116,122,145,183,203,221,224,233,280],"probability":[22,60,164,234,283],"death":[24,62,82,166,236],"in":[25,63,144,167,178,202,232],"a":[26,44,50,64,77,107,168,176,271,292],"year":[27,169,198],"is":[28,152,209,217,227,287],"rarely":[29],"estimated,":[30],"but":[31],"more":[32,36],"intuitive,":[33],"and":[34,58,76,89,126,159,216,246,264,277,290],"allows":[35],"interpretable":[37],"additive":[38],"modifications.":[40],"Methods:":[41],"We":[42,66,110],"proposed":[43,268],"causal":[45,218],"inference":[46],"method":[47,269],"estimate":[49],"doubly":[51,153,288],"robust":[52,154,289],"exposure-response":[53,119,150,273],"curve":[54,208],"for":[55,84,175,275],"year.":[65],"first":[67],"fit":[68],"an":[69,97],"model":[71,156,226],"against":[74,87,104],"confounders":[75],"pooled":[78],"logistic":[79],"regression":[80],"indicator":[83],"each":[85],"person-year":[86],"confounders.":[90],"Leveraging":[91],"these":[92],"two":[93],"models,":[94],"we":[95],"constructed":[96],"adjusted":[98],"outcome,":[99],"which":[100,286],"was":[101,240,247],"further":[102],"regressed":[103],"penalized":[108],"B-spline.":[109],"studied":[111],"asymptotic":[113],"properties":[114],"resulting":[117],"B-spline":[118],"curve,":[120],"tested":[121],"procedure":[123],"simulations,":[125],"applied":[127],"it":[128],"13":[130],"million":[131,140],"Medicare":[132],"beneficiaries":[133,250],"aged":[134],"65":[135],"or":[136,223],"older":[137,200],"with":[138,238],"95":[139],"person-years":[141],"follow-up":[143],"southeastern":[146,204],"US.":[147,205],"Results:":[148],"estimator":[151],"misspecification,":[157],"consistent,":[158],"asymptotically":[160],"normal.":[161],"average":[163,180],"decreased":[170],"from":[171,182],"0.050":[172],"0.045":[174],"reduction":[177,231],"annual":[179],"current":[184],"USEPA":[185],"standard":[186],"(12\u00b5g":[187],"m-3)":[188],"8\u00b5g":[190],"m-3,":[191],"preventing":[192],"35":[193],"thousand":[194],"premature":[195],"deaths":[196],"per":[197],"among":[199,242,249],"adults":[201],"estimated":[207],"approximately":[210],"linear":[211],"below":[212],"11":[213],"\u00b5g":[214],"m-3":[215],"if":[219],"either":[220],"outcome":[225],"correctly":[228],"specified.":[229],"increased":[237],"age,":[239],"higher":[241,248],"dual":[243],"eligible":[244],"beneficiaries,":[245],"that":[251],"have":[252],"ever":[253],"admitted":[255],"due":[256],"congestive":[258],"heart":[259],"failure,":[260],"myocardial":[261],"infarction,":[262],"diabetes,":[263],"COPD.":[265],"Conclusions:":[266],"provides":[270],"novel":[272],"function":[274],"scale":[281],"death,":[285],"better":[293],"interpretation":[294],"than":[295],"ratios.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2019-12-05T00:00:00"}