{"id":"https://openalex.org/W29873095","doi":null,"title":"Magneto-optical trapping of strontium for use as a mobile frequency reference","display_name":"Magneto-optical trapping of strontium for use as a mobile frequency reference","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W29873095","mag":"29873095"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:etheses.bham.ac.uk:4635","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4635/1/Kock13PhD1.pdf","pdf_url":"http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4635/1/Kock13PhD1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402357","display_name":"University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4635/1/Kock13PhD1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032091869","display_name":"Bjorn Ole Kock","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bjorn Ole Kock","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032091869"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10425","display_name":"Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strontium-atoms","display_name":"strontium atoms","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magneto-optical-trap","display_name":"magneto-optical trap","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-cooling","display_name":"laser cooling","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-atomic-clocks","display_name":"optical atomic clocks","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-dimensional-magneto-optical-trap","display_name":"two-dimensional magneto-optical trap","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blue-light-generation","display_name":"blue light generation","score":0.5569999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518915863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938","display_name":"Strontium","level":2,"score":0.8017312288284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.6742136478424072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91275184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163117","display_name":"Laser cooling","level":3,"score":0.637650191783905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121099081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665580","display_name":"Trap (plumbing)","level":2,"score":0.5716078281402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519659679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1108","display_name":"Caesium","level":2,"score":0.5685685873031616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.5544028282165527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196597080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227467","display_name":"Atomic clock","level":2,"score":0.5431358814239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58312451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817200","display_name":"Atom (system on chip)","level":2,"score":0.5131478905677795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778183165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1422304","display_name":"Magneto-optical trap","level":3,"score":0.41450023651123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.39296841621398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.38359102606773376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3576439619064331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.33788126707077026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.33329489827156067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.33280912041664124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27206116914749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23787268996238708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:etheses.bham.ac.uk:4635","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4635/1/Kock13PhD1.pdf","pdf_url":"http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4635/1/Kock13PhD1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402357","display_name":"University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:29873095","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/4635/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:etheses.bham.ac.uk:4635","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4635/1/Kock13PhD1.pdf","pdf_url":"http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4635/1/Kock13PhD1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402357","display_name":"University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W29873095.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W29873095.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24120644","https://openalex.org/W105767321","https://openalex.org/W131383298","https://openalex.org/W198704525","https://openalex.org/W1504014963","https://openalex.org/W1531390671","https://openalex.org/W1533795104","https://openalex.org/W1557463547","https://openalex.org/W1602301868","https://openalex.org/W1617309848","https://openalex.org/W1640747963","https://openalex.org/W1667982857","https://openalex.org/W1857848356","https://openalex.org/W1965843696","https://openalex.org/W1966655458","https://openalex.org/W1968689042","https://openalex.org/W1980682680","https://openalex.org/W1981432782","https://openalex.org/W1982244500","https://openalex.org/W1983731071","https://openalex.org/W1990079924","https://openalex.org/W1995199199","https://openalex.org/W1995943152","https://openalex.org/W1997112839","https://openalex.org/W1997269293","https://openalex.org/W1999658039","https://openalex.org/W2000701920","https://openalex.org/W2005826273","https://openalex.org/W2007132189","https://openalex.org/W2009958141","https://openalex.org/W2010354279","https://openalex.org/W2011789793","https://openalex.org/W2015361431","https://openalex.org/W2016860894","https://openalex.org/W2025458672","https://openalex.org/W2026610493","https://openalex.org/W2027142374","https://openalex.org/W2027494167","https://openalex.org/W2028592573","https://openalex.org/W2029631909","https://openalex.org/W2042620409","https://openalex.org/W2042959570","https://openalex.org/W2043896753","https://openalex.org/W2051226528","https://openalex.org/W2054048250","https://openalex.org/W2054663485","https://openalex.org/W2056366488","https://openalex.org/W2057196103","https://openalex.org/W2057913314","https://openalex.org/W2058209208","https://openalex.org/W2059712229","https://openalex.org/W2059811352","https://openalex.org/W2060030861","https://openalex.org/W2062431663","https://openalex.org/W2063001585","https://openalex.org/W2063075081","https://openalex.org/W2070371727","https://openalex.org/W2075940770","https://openalex.org/W2076474563","https://openalex.org/W2076648455","https://openalex.org/W2076776957","https://openalex.org/W2079571794","https://openalex.org/W2083364211","https://openalex.org/W2085174729","https://openalex.org/W2088507536","https://openalex.org/W2092012772","https://openalex.org/W2095547214","https://openalex.org/W2104764982","https://openalex.org/W2105482433","https://openalex.org/W2117069103","https://openalex.org/W2121832766","https://openalex.org/W2130533804","https://openalex.org/W2132204557","https://openalex.org/W2139549960","https://openalex.org/W2143395122","https://openalex.org/W2144629949","https://openalex.org/W2148230621","https://openalex.org/W2154510895","https://openalex.org/W2169838444","https://openalex.org/W2172180358","https://openalex.org/W2303618217","https://openalex.org/W2315809917","https://openalex.org/W2591969169","https://openalex.org/W2612355302","https://openalex.org/W2752672406","https://openalex.org/W2763613630","https://openalex.org/W3015538326","https://openalex.org/W3015610339","https://openalex.org/W3102918312","https://openalex.org/W3202801936"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3208277455","https://openalex.org/W3168839053","https://openalex.org/W2999639132","https://openalex.org/W3215834064","https://openalex.org/W2623358285","https://openalex.org/W2802273775","https://openalex.org/W3034783121","https://openalex.org/W2765529382","https://openalex.org/W1753334403","https://openalex.org/W2542630258"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Atomic":[0],"Caesium":[1],"clocks":[2,30,50],"have":[3],"made":[4],"an":[5,16,76],"astonishing":[6],"development":[7],"in":[8,20,57,204],"the":[9,38,58,71,86,89,114,151],"past":[10],"few":[11],"decades,":[12],"with":[13,190,197],"them":[14],"gaining":[15],"order":[17],"of":[18,27,40,65,75,81,88,94,107,116,165,194],"magnitude":[19],"precision":[21],"every":[22],"decade.":[23],"A":[24,133],"new":[25,63,95,108],"generation":[26],"atomic":[28],"optical":[29,47],"is":[31,35],"now":[32,52],"emerging,":[33],"which":[34],"moving":[36],"to":[37,46,170,184],"forefront":[39],"timekeeping.":[41],"By":[42],"going":[43],"from":[44],"microwave":[45],"frequencies":[48],"these":[49],"are":[51],"reaching":[53],"fractional":[54],"uncertainty":[55],"levels":[56],"10\\\\(^-\\\\)\\\\(^1\\\\)\\\\(^8\\\\),":[59],"opening":[60,91],"a":[61,92,98,105,117,128,146,172,177,191,201],"whole":[62],"range":[64,93,106],"exciting":[66],"applications.":[67],"This":[68,144],"thesis":[69],"presents":[70],"design":[72],"and":[73,130,168],"implementation":[74],"experiment":[77],"for":[78,110,122,127,137,150,176,200],"laser":[79,135,138],"cooling":[80,124,139,153],"strontium":[82,140],"atoms,":[83,125],"focusing":[84],"on":[85],"mobility":[87],"setup,":[90],"applications":[96],"as":[97,113],"mobile":[99,134,178],"clock.":[100],"The":[101,155,180],"experimental":[102],"apparatus":[103],"applies":[104],"techniques":[109],"strontium,":[111],"such":[112],"use":[115],"two":[118],"dimensional":[119],"magneto-optical":[120],"trap":[121],"pre":[123],"allowing":[126],"compact":[129],"transportable":[131],"system.":[132,179],"system":[136,149],"atoms":[141,189],"was":[142,182],"realized.":[143],"includes":[145],"frequency":[147,158],"doubling":[148,159],"main":[152],"transition.":[154],"constructed":[156],"monolithic":[157],"cavity":[160],"has":[161],"generated":[162],"300":[163],"mW":[164],"blue":[166],"light":[167],"proven":[169],"be":[171],"stable":[173],"setup":[174],"suitable":[175],"3D-MOT":[181],"able":[183],"capture":[185],"4":[186],"*":[187],"10\\\\(^5\\\\)":[188],"long":[192],"lifetime":[193],"5.5":[195],"s,":[196],"further":[198],"improvements":[199],"significant":[202],"increase":[203],"atom":[205],"number":[206],"currently":[207],"being":[208],"implemented.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}