{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2986166181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3363199","title":"MalMax: Multi-Aspect Execution for Automated Dynamic Web Server Malware Analysis","display_name":"MalMax: Multi-Aspect Execution for Automated Dynamic Web Server Malware Analysis","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2986166181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3363199","mag":"2986166181"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3319535.3363199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3363199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3363199","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3363199","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393917527","display_name":"ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)","issn_l":"1543-7221","issn":["1543-7221"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3363199","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038625214","display_name":"Abbas Naderi-Afooshteh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Naderi-Afooshteh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053834185","display_name":"Yonghwi Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0021-2850","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0021-2850"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghwi Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067640908","display_name":"Anh Nguyen\u2010Tuong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anh Nguyen-Tuong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041993762","display_name":"Ali Razmjoo Qalaei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Razmjoo-Qalaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["ZDResearch, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZDResearch, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048404648","display_name":"Mohammad-Reza Zamiri-Gourabi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad-Reza Zamiri-Gourabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["ZDResearch, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZDResearch, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068264173","display_name":"Jack W. Davidson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5883-8274","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5883-8274"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack W. Davidson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0587,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73278949,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1849","last_page":"1866"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polymorphic-malware","display_name":"polymorphic malware","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sandboxed-execution","display_name":"sandboxed execution","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-code-generation","display_name":"dynamic code generation","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/php-web-application","display_name":"PHP web application","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-hosting","display_name":"web hosting","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware-detection","display_name":"malware detection","score":0.5350000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8784353733062744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.828789234161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.591377854347229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779639559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661178","display_name":"Symbolic execution","level":3,"score":0.5871201157569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5629410743713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.43414077162742615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779395397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15731404","display_name":"Malware analysis","level":3,"score":0.41483891010284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4101858139038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.38505709171295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2939354181289673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.1499956250190735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.09745925664901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3319535.3363199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3363199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3363199","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3363199","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393917527","display_name":"ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)","issn_l":"1543-7221","issn":["1543-7221"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3319535.3363199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3363199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3363199","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3363199","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393917527","display_name":"ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)","issn_l":"1543-7221","issn":["1543-7221"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3959312801","display_name":"CRII: SaTC: Secure and Comprehensive Forensic Audit Infrastructure for Transparent Heterogeneous Computing","funder_award_id":"1850392","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5839727292","display_name":"SaTC: CORE: Medium: Collaborative: Doctor WHO: Investigation and Prevention of Online Content Management System Abuse","funder_award_id":"1916499","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8680941656","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-17-S-7007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2986166181.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2986166181.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67117737","https://openalex.org/W109909280","https://openalex.org/W165688198","https://openalex.org/W1420268584","https://openalex.org/W1491237615","https://openalex.org/W1519699895","https://openalex.org/W1531027799","https://openalex.org/W1769672943","https://openalex.org/W1954816054","https://openalex.org/W1966150547","https://openalex.org/W1969423224","https://openalex.org/W1969808647","https://openalex.org/W2001473217","https://openalex.org/W2033071293","https://openalex.org/W2048616039","https://openalex.org/W2056920038","https://openalex.org/W2065339563","https://openalex.org/W2084359473","https://openalex.org/W2085925880","https://openalex.org/W2086631206","https://openalex.org/W2091537325","https://openalex.org/W2095450067","https://openalex.org/W2099425933","https://openalex.org/W2101077503","https://openalex.org/W2113341218","https://openalex.org/W2117030266","https://openalex.org/W2121398530","https://openalex.org/W2129656140","https://openalex.org/W2137365926","https://openalex.org/W2137530017","https://openalex.org/W2138644293","https://openalex.org/W2148001343","https://openalex.org/W2160637255","https://openalex.org/W2293605433","https://openalex.org/W2336291507","https://openalex.org/W2405780168","https://openalex.org/W2461373307","https://openalex.org/W2537766808","https://openalex.org/W2538903335","https://openalex.org/W2604507227","https://openalex.org/W2752859356","https://openalex.org/W2753594008","https://openalex.org/W2806253293","https://openalex.org/W2888830098","https://openalex.org/W2889233250","https://openalex.org/W2952768726","https://openalex.org/W4249421664","https://openalex.org/W4299301436","https://openalex.org/W6837325301","https://openalex.org/W6940963774"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2382690351","https://openalex.org/W4413394058","https://openalex.org/W2765653036","https://openalex.org/W2898476210","https://openalex.org/W2050679616","https://openalex.org/W2902792499","https://openalex.org/W3200357307","https://openalex.org/W2117030266","https://openalex.org/W7045518875","https://openalex.org/W2033857234"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2,28],"MalMax,":[3],"a":[4,55,128,140,167],"novel":[5],"system":[6],"to":[7,120,162,196],"detect":[8,163],"server-side":[9],"malware":[10,164,168,199],"that":[11,27,170,179,201],"routinely":[12],"employ":[13],"sophisticated":[14],"polymorphic":[15,190],"evasive":[16],"runtime":[17],"code":[18,47,107],"generation":[19],"techniques.":[20],"When":[21],"MalMax":[22,59,119,157,180,192],"encounters":[23],"an":[24,50,98,147],"execution":[25,31,45,52,64,77,86,113,117],"point":[26],"multiple":[29],"possible":[30],"paths":[32,42],"(e.g.,":[33,70],"via":[34],"predicates":[35],"and/or":[36],"dynamic":[37],"code),":[38],"it":[39],"explores":[40],"these":[41],"through":[43],"counterfactual":[44,95,112],"of":[46,58,94,111,134,150,156],"sandboxed":[48],"within":[49,75],"isolated":[51,63,116],"environment.":[53],"Furthermore,":[54],"unique":[56],"feature":[57],"is":[60,181],"its":[61,160],"cooperative":[62,115],"model":[65],"in":[66,104,184,188,214],"which":[67],"unresolved":[68],"artifacts":[69],"variables,":[71],"functions,":[72],"and":[73,114,122],"classes)":[74],"one":[76],"context":[78],"can":[79],"be":[80],"concretized":[81],"using":[82],"values":[83],"from":[84,139],"other":[85],"contexts.":[87],"Such":[88],"cooperation":[89,102],"dramatically":[90],"amplifies":[91],"the":[92,154,215],"reach":[93],"execution.":[96],"As":[97],"example,":[99],"for":[100],"Wordpress,":[101],"results":[103,177],"63%":[105],"additional":[106],"coverage.":[108],"The":[109],"combination":[110],"enables":[118],"accurately":[121],"effectively":[123],"identify":[124,197],"malicious":[125,186],"behavior.":[126],"Using":[127],"large":[129],"(1":[130],"terabyte)":[131],"real-world":[132],"dataset":[133],"PHP":[135],"web":[136,142],"applications":[137],"collected":[138],"commercial":[141],"hosting":[143],"company,":[144],"we":[145],"performed":[146],"extensive":[148],"evaluation":[149,176],"MalMax.":[151],"We":[152],"evaluated":[153],"effectiveness":[155],"by":[158,205],"comparing":[159],"ability":[161],"against":[165],"VirusTotal,":[166],"detector":[169],"aggregates":[171],"many":[172],"diverse":[173],"scanners.":[174],"Our":[175],"show":[178],"highly":[182],"effective":[183],"exposing":[185],"behavior":[187],"complicated":[189],"malware.":[191],"was":[193],"also":[194],"able":[195],"1,485":[198],"samples":[200],"are":[202],"not":[203],"detected":[204],"any":[206],"existing":[207],"state-of-the-art":[208],"tool,":[209],"even":[210],"after":[211],"7":[212],"months":[213],"wild.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2019-11-22T00:00:00"}
