{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2985708246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214810","title":"Paradox Elimination in Dempster\u2013Shafer Combination Rule with Novel Entropy Function: Application in Decision-Level Multi-Sensor Fusion","display_name":"Paradox Elimination in Dempster\u2013Shafer Combination Rule with Novel Entropy Function: Application in Decision-Level Multi-Sensor Fusion","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2985708246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214810","mag":"2985708246","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31694251","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6865203"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19214810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214810","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/21/4810/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/21/4810/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051828198","display_name":"Nazmuzzaman Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2463-6153","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2463-6153"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388446366","display_name":"Indiana University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/03eftgw80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388446366","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55769427","display_name":"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxnyn08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55769427","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Nazmuzzaman Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46224, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2463-6153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46224, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388446366","https://openalex.org/I55769427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103085146","display_name":"Sohel Anwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5245-6286","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5245-6286","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0277-0007"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388446366","display_name":"Indiana University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/03eftgw80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388446366","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55769427","display_name":"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxnyn08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55769427","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sohel Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46224, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5245-6286","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46224, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388446366","https://openalex.org/I55769427"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051828198"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388446366","https://openalex.org/I55769427"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1824},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1824},"fwci":3.3991,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92541865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"21","first_page":"4810","last_page":"4810"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13832","display_name":"Advanced Decision-Making Techniques","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11671","display_name":"Fuzzy and Soft Set Theory","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dempster-shafer-evidence-theory","display_name":"Dempster-Shafer theory","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy-function","display_name":"entropy function","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"sensor fusion","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-level-fusion","display_name":"decision fusion","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conflicting-evidence","display_name":"conflicting evidence","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shannon-entropy","display_name":"Shannon entropy","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deng-entropy","display_name":"Deng entropy","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-modeling","display_name":"uncertainty modeling","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-domain-fusion","display_name":"spatial domain fusion","score":0.6830000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178011137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285997","display_name":"Dempster\u2013Shafer theory","level":2,"score":0.8046990633010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.664013683795929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6034967303276062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.5913997292518616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101097943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5176983","display_name":"Counterintuitive","level":2,"score":0.5599934458732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.5076647996902466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5022196769714355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4775965213775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982962833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092450","display_name":"Information fusion","level":2,"score":0.4723072052001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4394259452819824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72169020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194404","display_name":"Monotonic function","level":2,"score":0.4389899969100952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4000334143638611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2537349462509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19214810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214810","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/21/4810/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6865203","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6865203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:31694251","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31694251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:63dd423b6d0440258af46e925fc2ef9f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/63dd423b6d0440258af46e925fc2ef9f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 21, p 4810 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.indianapolis.iu.edu:1805/22395","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1805/22395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400987","display_name":"IUScholarWorks (Indiana University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I592451","host_organization_name":"Indiana University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PMC","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.iupui.edu:1805/22395","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1805/22395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400987","display_name":"IUScholarWorks (Indiana University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I592451","host_organization_name":"Indiana University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PMC","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"mag:3014775435","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/bitstream/1805/22395/1/sensors-19-04810.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306522653","display_name":"PMC","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PMC","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19214810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214810","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/21/4810/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2985708246.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2985708246.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1229098988","https://openalex.org/W1552532749","https://openalex.org/W1578800471","https://openalex.org/W1878337193","https://openalex.org/W1966279233","https://openalex.org/W1976450565","https://openalex.org/W1986073686","https://openalex.org/W1987812214","https://openalex.org/W1991946985","https://openalex.org/W1993853885","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2038420319","https://openalex.org/W2040692304","https://openalex.org/W2048196003","https://openalex.org/W2096459636","https://openalex.org/W2118680859","https://openalex.org/W2128226430","https://openalex.org/W2153596970","https://openalex.org/W2202891604","https://openalex.org/W2292227919","https://openalex.org/W2315739934","https://openalex.org/W2335715950","https://openalex.org/W2347412885","https://openalex.org/W2475443256","https://openalex.org/W2491356680","https://openalex.org/W2517205912","https://openalex.org/W2771655931","https://openalex.org/W2785782174","https://openalex.org/W2797148637","https://openalex.org/W2805093112","https://openalex.org/W2900269378","https://openalex.org/W4231607002","https://openalex.org/W4246724356","https://openalex.org/W4301347335"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2998901387","https://openalex.org/W2783503701","https://openalex.org/W4206101594","https://openalex.org/W7132275321","https://openalex.org/W4308822772","https://openalex.org/W3135692767","https://openalex.org/W3200776802","https://openalex.org/W3157037036","https://openalex.org/W2393139059","https://openalex.org/W3197854330"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-sensor":[0],"data":[1],"fusion":[2,35,61,81],"technology":[3],"in":[4,8,39,66,73,145,149,170],"an":[5],"important":[6],"tool":[7],"building":[9],"decision-making":[10,40],"applications.":[11],"Modified":[12],"Dempster-Shafer":[13,92],"(DS)":[14,93],"evidence":[15],"theory":[16,45],"can":[17,23,124],"handle":[18],"conflicting":[19,52,64,147],"sensor":[20],"inputs":[21],"and":[22,114,163],"be":[24],"applied":[25],"without":[26],"any":[27],"prior":[28],"information.":[29],"As":[30],"a":[31,79],"result,":[32],"DS-based":[33],"information":[34,65,148],"is":[36,69,83,99,106,143],"very":[37],"popular":[38],"applications,":[41],"but":[42],"original":[43,91],"DS":[44,131],"produces":[46],"counterintuitive":[47],"results":[48,153],"when":[49],"combining":[50],"highly":[51,63],"evidences":[53],"from":[54],"multiple":[55],"sensors.":[56],"An":[57,117],"effective":[58,144],"algorithm":[59,82,119,158],"offering":[60],"of":[62,89,129],"spatial":[67,150],"domain":[68],"not":[70],"widely":[71],"reported":[72],"the":[74,90,126,140,156,171],"literature.":[75,172],"In":[76],"this":[77],"paper,":[78],"successful":[80],"proposed":[84,100,141,157],"which":[85,105,123],"addresses":[86],"these":[87],"limitations":[88],"framework.":[94],"A":[95],"novel":[96],"entropy":[97],"function":[98],"based":[101],"on":[102],"Shannon":[103,113],"entropy,":[104],"better":[107],"at":[108],"capturing":[109],"uncertainties":[110],"compared":[111,165],"to":[112,137,166],"Deng":[115],"entropy.":[116],"8-step":[118],"has":[120,159],"been":[121],"developed":[122],"eliminate":[125],"inherent":[127],"paradoxes":[128],"classical":[130],"theory.":[132],"Multiple":[133],"examples":[134],"are":[135],"presented":[136,169],"show":[138],"that":[139,155],"method":[142],"handling":[146],"domain.":[151],"Simulation":[152],"showed":[154],"competitive":[160],"convergence":[161],"rate":[162],"accuracy":[164],"other":[167],"methods":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2019-11-22T00:00:00"}