{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2984079201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1688222","title":"Does Having a Minor Child Affect Criminal Charges and Sanctions Imposed on Female Defendants?","display_name":"Does Having a Minor Child Affect Criminal Charges and Sanctions Imposed on Female Defendants?","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2984079201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1688222","mag":"2984079201","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34025020","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8133510"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08974454.2019.1688222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1688222","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1688222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94948478","display_name":"Women & Criminal Justice","issn_l":"0897-4454","issn":["0897-4454","1541-0323"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Women &amp; Criminal Justice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8133510","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008242590","display_name":"Frank Allen Sloan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9902-1009","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9902-1009"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank A. Sloan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074966761","display_name":"Elizabeth J. Gifford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1488-0286","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1488-0286"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth J. Gifford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sanford School of Public Policy, Center for Child and Family Policy, Children\u2019s Health and Discovery Initiative, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sanford School of Public Policy, Center for Child and Family Policy, Children\u2019s Health and Discovery Initiative, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055761447","display_name":"Kelly E. Evans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5537-8404","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5537-8404"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelly E. Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090985279","display_name":"Lindsey M. Eldred","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5785-0423","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5785-0423"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lindsey E. Kozecke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074966761"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20633016,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"2","first_page":"108","last_page":"129"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.0066999997943639755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minors","display_name":"minors","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/female-defendants","display_name":"female defendants","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prosecutorial-discretion","display_name":"prosecutorial discretion","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conviction-rates","display_name":"conviction rates","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentencing","display_name":"sentencing","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judicial-discretion","display_name":"judicial discretion","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentencing-guidelines","display_name":"sentencing guidelines","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-and-criminal-justice","display_name":"gender and criminal justice","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/north-carolina","display_name":"North Carolina","score":0.6060000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779760435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5396169","display_name":"Minor (academic)","level":2,"score":0.9333206415176392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777278149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916183","display_name":"Conviction","level":2,"score":0.7861576080322266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777632292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315515","display_name":"Discretion","level":2,"score":0.6962123513221741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.686532199382782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5660939812660217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.533294677734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5115028619766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5008952617645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909129154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916183","display_name":"Criminal Conviction","level":3,"score":0.43168479204177856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.42085155844688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08974454.2019.1688222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1688222","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1688222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94948478","display_name":"Women & Criminal Justice","issn_l":"0897-4454","issn":["0897-4454","1541-0323"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Women &amp; Criminal Justice","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34025020","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34025020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Women & criminal justice","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8133510","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8133510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Women Crim Justice","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8133510","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8133510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Women Crim Justice","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.6025999784469604,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5871285909","display_name":"The Intergeneration Effects of Criminal Justice Policies on Substance Use Crimes","funder_award_id":"R01DA040726","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306139","display_name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymmdj85"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W301251177","https://openalex.org/W648300399","https://openalex.org/W1201749067","https://openalex.org/W1950459336","https://openalex.org/W1970998741","https://openalex.org/W1978939610","https://openalex.org/W1990921180","https://openalex.org/W1999492906","https://openalex.org/W2019239065","https://openalex.org/W2031198418","https://openalex.org/W2032688062","https://openalex.org/W2043656509","https://openalex.org/W2045937711","https://openalex.org/W2057938664","https://openalex.org/W2064395596","https://openalex.org/W2074013697","https://openalex.org/W2075575651","https://openalex.org/W2088635112","https://openalex.org/W2089292816","https://openalex.org/W2095485784","https://openalex.org/W2098495273","https://openalex.org/W2099471077","https://openalex.org/W2102586252","https://openalex.org/W2106094468","https://openalex.org/W2110086949","https://openalex.org/W2114760999","https://openalex.org/W2118512134","https://openalex.org/W2123471242","https://openalex.org/W2132917660","https://openalex.org/W2138060324","https://openalex.org/W2143196564","https://openalex.org/W2157657259","https://openalex.org/W2165214714","https://openalex.org/W2168201457","https://openalex.org/W2312669410","https://openalex.org/W2312844373","https://openalex.org/W2481674862","https://openalex.org/W2605151604","https://openalex.org/W2792260291","https://openalex.org/W2793346750","https://openalex.org/W2796374376","https://openalex.org/W2797461815","https://openalex.org/W2799475722","https://openalex.org/W2801587371","https://openalex.org/W2802755972","https://openalex.org/W2808528463","https://openalex.org/W2887705895","https://openalex.org/W2932250327","https://openalex.org/W2969766029","https://openalex.org/W3122796548","https://openalex.org/W3123826779","https://openalex.org/W3125711274","https://openalex.org/W4206682224"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365518499","https://openalex.org/W2919892628","https://openalex.org/W1976217571","https://openalex.org/W4250049828","https://openalex.org/W4319161131","https://openalex.org/W4390995843","https://openalex.org/W3192371481","https://openalex.org/W3090116825","https://openalex.org/W2600316586","https://openalex.org/W2808528463"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"examined":[2],"effects":[3],"of":[4,12,31,88,106,127],"having":[5,100],"a":[6,37,82,111,128,140],"minor":[7,77,83,101,112,129],"child(ren)":[8,84],"on":[9,117],"the":[10,19,86,96,104],"probability":[11,87,105],"being":[13],"prosecuted,":[14],"convicted,":[15,18],"and":[16,28,53,61,133],"if":[17],"sanctions":[20],"that":[21,44],"were":[22,25],"imposed.":[23],"Data":[24],"state-wide":[26],"court":[27],"birth":[29],"records":[30],"criminally-charged":[32],"women":[33,73,122,137],"in":[34,74],"North":[35],"Carolina,":[36],"state":[38],"with":[39,76,123,139],"sentencing":[40,75],"guidelines.":[41],"We":[42],"hypothesized":[43],"(a)":[45],"prosecutors":[46],"would":[47,68],"be":[48,69],"less":[49],"likely":[50,55],"to":[51,56],"prosecute":[52],"more":[54,70],"lower":[57],"an":[58,107],"offense":[59],"class":[60],"(b)":[62],"judges":[63],"(when":[64],"they":[65],"had":[66,98,114],"discretion)":[67],"lenient":[71],"for":[72,121],"children":[78,102],"than":[79],"without.":[80],"Having":[81,110],"reduced":[85,103],"prosecution;":[89],"given":[90],"prosecution,":[91],"conviction":[92],"rates":[93],"fell.":[94],"When":[95],"judge":[97],"discretion,":[99],"active":[108,124],"sentence.":[109],"child":[113,130],"no":[115],"effect":[116],"minimum":[118],"sentence":[119],"length":[120],"sentences.":[125],"Presence":[126],"affects":[131],"prosecutorial":[132],"judicial":[134],"decisions":[135],"affecting":[136],"charged":[138],"criminal":[141],"offense.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2019-11-22T00:00:00"}
