{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2983305477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1920/re.ifs.2019.0165","title":"Let\u2019s talk about six big economic challenges that need addressing","display_name":"Let\u2019s talk about six big economic challenges that need addressing","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2983305477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1920/re.ifs.2019.0165","mag":"2983305477"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1920/re.ifs.2019.0165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1920/re.ifs.2019.0165","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1920/re.ifs.2019.0165","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The IFS","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070803284","display_name":"Stuart Adam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2423-7929","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2423-7929"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stuart Adam","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2423-7929","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003111650","display_name":"Rowena Crawford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0993-1496","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0993-1496"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rowena Crawford","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0993-1496","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051811089","display_name":"Jonathan Cribb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7863-8096","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7863-8096"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Cribb","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7863-8096","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052824527","display_name":"Carl Emmerson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2908-1460","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2908-1460"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carl Emmerson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2908-1460","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015243962","display_name":"Paul E. Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3342-3504","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3342-3504","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0236-7549"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3342-3504","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041101744","display_name":"Robert C. Joyce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4667-5938","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4667-5938"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Joyce","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4667-5938","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13158","display_name":"Political and Economic history of UK and US","score":0.17180000245571136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13158","display_name":"Political and Economic history of UK and US","score":0.17180000245571136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.17139999568462372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11742","display_name":"Economic Theory and Policy","score":0.1476999968290329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uk-economic-policy","display_name":"UK economic policy","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity-growth","display_name":"productivity growth","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/average-earnings","display_name":"average earnings","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/living-standards","display_name":"living standards","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-work-poverty","display_name":"in-work poverty","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pension-spending","display_name":"pension expenditure","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tax-system","display_name":"tax system","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net-zero-emissions","display_name":"net-zero emissions","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brexit","display_name":"Brexit","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-living-wage","display_name":"National Living Wage","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-wage-workers","display_name":"low-wage workers","score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intergenerational-inequality","display_name":"intergenerational inequality","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net-zero-transition","display_name":"net-zero transition","score":0.39800000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3523898124694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27790185809135437}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1920/re.ifs.2019.0165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1920/re.ifs.2019.0165","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1920/re.ifs.2019.0165","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The IFS","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/235053","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/235053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:report"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9211000204086304,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7110492310","https://openalex.org/W2317348837","https://openalex.org/W7110559020","https://openalex.org/W6944135083","https://openalex.org/W7006441962","https://openalex.org/W4406917885","https://openalex.org/W4240164728","https://openalex.org/W7014823987","https://openalex.org/W4411071928","https://openalex.org/W7214365433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Whether":[0],"the":[1,4,22,28,31,41,47,51,74,126,146,149,162,195,204,216,221,237,301,337,378,384,390,419,429,447,479,553,565,578,593,596,618,636,643,685,701,714,717,741,758,790,811,819,825,839,864,959,962,1010,1040,1045,1062,1084,1088,1112,1125,1143,1178,1202,1247,1280,1309,1321,1360,1382,1407,1441,1457,1482,1489,1505,1510,1518,1525,1634,1653,1665,1675,1705,1749,1795,1847,1874,1888,1911,1938,1957,2017,2026,2041,2049,2105,2151,2154,2185,2194,2201],"UK":[2,48,147,205,1493,1796,1835,2054],"leaves":[3],"European":[5,1789],"Union,":[6],"and":[7,17,81,106,120,138,272,442,465,474,487,495,515,521,595,630,642,659,725,768,785,815,824,851,908,983,997,1049,1055,1087,1107,1129,1138,1292,1313,1330,1362,1367,1414,1445,1477,1517,1563,1578,1592,1632,1674,1811,1820,1831,1842,1884,1992,2023,2033,2044,2066,2114,2147,2168,2196,2217],"if":[8,1887],"so":[9,748,933,1060],"on":[10,34,71,117,189,428,739,745,966,1034,1036,1072,1136,1148,1174,1198,1289,1351,1390,1726,1807,1918,1942,2031,2064,2111,2178],"what":[11,1542],"terms,":[12],"is":[13,39,182,206,228,368,540,617,882,1495,1529,1539,1551,1616,1712,1771,1859,1890,1900,1954,2047,2103,2116,2138,2171],"a":[14,200,286,364,369,375,426,459,693,754,766,807,877,914,920,946,956,992,1069,1181,1388,1418,1430,1598,1639,1650,1727,1741,1860,1870,1950,1970,1978,2069,2086],"crucial":[15],"issue":[16],"therefore":[18],"rightly":[19],"should":[20,55,91,1425,1435,1440,1567,1701,1765,2084],"be":[21,57,92,344,453,976,1342,1403,1427,1437,1452,1702,1822,1892,1997,2085,2164,2190,2197,2205],"subject":[23],"of":[24,73,111,281,371,381,383,396,406,431,450,481,489,510,529,574,604,720,760,792,800,813,860,905,922,937,961,980,994,1013,1044,1052,1090,1096,1114,1121,1156,1183,1224,1236,1301,1316,1344,1364,1406,1484,1499,1621,1625,1652,1686,1699,1709,1730,1736,1743,1849,1980,2006,2029,2053,2072,2089,2093,2107,2153,2210],"much":[25,185,1609,2165],"debate":[26,54],"in":[27,63,125,145,194,203,230,245,290,334,458,512,532,536,567,577,614,627,635,649,656,684,696,757,779,802,810,818,872,883,912,939,958,999,1007,1020,1083,1098,1100,1208,1277,1305,1373,1429,1468,1488,1502,1549,1660,1704,1755,1767,1785,1926,1956,2015,2100,2174],"run-up":[29],"to":[30,99,130,224,456,549,607,735,835,845,849,853,975,1009,1029,1042,1058,1159,1259,1271,1297,1324,1341,1359,1402,1472,1535,1583,1585,1656,1678,1694,1753,1814,1853,1869,1872,1879,1891,1905,1928,1932,1937,1996,2004,2060,2133,2141,2182,2192,2214],"general":[32,52],"election":[33,53,90,1064,1085],"12":[35],"December.":[36],"But":[37,2140],"Brexit":[38],"not":[40,56,400,832,1232,1618,1798,1925],"only":[42,58,316,572,935],"economically":[43,1553],"important":[44],"decision":[45],"that":[46,367,530,555,675,854,1531,1546,1769,1778,1934,2104,2187],"faces.":[49],"So":[50],"about":[59,183,663,2199],"Brexit.":[60],"With":[61],"this":[62,65,482,622,793,895,1115,1352,1485,1630,1647,1714,1850,1898],"mind,":[64],"report":[66],"sets":[67],"out":[68,94,1569,2184],"one":[69],"page":[70],"each":[72,276],"following":[75],"six":[76,303],"economic":[77,496,761],"areas":[78,1151,1176,1223],"where":[79,524],"attention,":[80],"action,":[82],"by":[83,170,178,310,389,610,774,1027,1103,1195,1273,1299,1314,1410,1524,1882,1963,1968,1983,1999,2012,2038,2136,2220],"policymakers":[84],"are":[85,352,518,632,661,710,747,831,870,900,941,970,1162,1284,1455,1595,1719,1779,1866,1915,1924,2075],"needed.":[86],"Serious":[87],"parties":[88,1566,1865],"seeking":[89],"setting":[93],"how":[95,254,1434,1570,1579,2200],"they":[96,313,332,351,356,525,709,726,743,1571,1580,1600],"would":[97,212,342,452,1169,1295,1339,1558,1572,1581,1821,2144,2163],"seek":[98],"address":[100],"these":[101,274,451,1149,1175,1193,1213,1229],"serious":[102,767],"challenges.":[103],"productivity":[104,137,166,202,248],"performance":[105,799],"average":[107,190,240,255,279,288,340,466,1772],"earnings":[108,139,341,395,509,537,801,995,1038,1837],"living":[109,241,485,493],"standards":[110,242,486,494],"different":[112,780],"generations":[113,491,539,590,734],"in-work":[114,1021,1030],"poverty":[115,796,814,840,847,867,940,1022,1099],"pressures":[116,1033,1131,1230,1513],"pensions,":[118,1290],"health":[119,1137,1291,1426],"social":[121,644,1293,1368,1422,1449],"care":[122,1294,1450],"spending":[123,1135,1147,1164,1173,1196,1210,1288,1338,1470,1520,2063,2109,2212],"weaknesses":[124],"tax":[127,1379,1490,1503,1550,1724,1830],"system":[128,1447,1491],"getting":[129,1556],"net":[131,1854,1880,2134],"zero":[132,1855,1881,2135],"greenhouse":[133,1856,1876,2055],"gas":[134,1857,1877,1976,2056,2065],"emissions":[135,1858,1878,1914],"Abysmal":[136],"growth":[140,144,280,996,1708],"since":[141,148,268,308,404,471,1509],"2008":[142,150,292,329,472],"Productivity":[143,464],"financial":[151],"crisis":[152],"has":[153,176,563,805,1127,1140,1152,1242,1690,1817,1907,2035],"been":[154,214,387,547,564,648,1025,1171,1243,1397,1692,1908,2036],"unprecedentedly":[155],"poor.":[156],"Figure":[157,231,250,462,599,771,857,1093,1278,1464,1792,1826,2101,2207],"1":[158,251],"shows":[159,253],"that,":[160,423,1285],"over":[161,220,300,1238,1246,1308,1320,1637,2040,2150],"last":[163,448,1144,1248,1383,1666,2042],"11":[164],"years,":[165,1054,1146,1312,1960],"\u2013":[167,175,257,265,321,886,948,1504,1910,1922],"as":[168,184,186,260,402,639,1180,1250,1393,1606,1649,1949,1977,2098],"measured":[169,258],"output":[171],"per":[172,283,295,319],"hour":[173,320],"worked":[174],"grown":[177,333],"just":[179],"2.9%.":[180],"That":[181],"it":[187,211,729,989,1528,1770],"grew":[188,275],"every":[191],"15":[192],"months":[193],"preceding":[196],"40":[197],"years.":[198,304,1668],"As":[199,285,856,1124,1275],"result,":[201,287],"now":[207,633,662,910,934,971,1163,2048],"19%":[208,353],"lower":[209,354,680,1011,1610],"than":[210,326,355,373,666,683,978,1167,1605,1740,1775,1784,2161],"have":[213,266,307,359,386,399,408,468,498,545,647,679,691,704,752,931,1023,1132,1170,1191,1211,1218,1254,1386,1396,1601,2014],"had":[215,1172,1219],"pre-crisis":[217,338],"trend":[218,1631],"(measured":[219],"period":[222,2152],"back":[223],"1971)":[225],"continued.":[226],"This":[227,233,534,1747],"shown":[229,1276],"1.":[232,463],"really":[234],"matters.":[235],"In":[236,410,893,1201,1334],"long":[238,1203,1691],"run,":[239,1204],"will":[243,727,764,1056,1079,1231,1257,1266,1354,1533,1682,2124,2188,2204],"grow":[244],"line":[246,335,1661],"with":[247,278,336,584,879,925,945,986,1327,1662],"growth.":[249],"also":[252,546,990,1024],"wages":[256,264,289,306,380,416,467,1075],"here":[259,1783],"real":[261,2027],"median":[262,1836],"hourly":[263,379],"performed":[267,469],"1997.":[269],"Between":[270],"1997":[271],"2008,":[273],"year,":[277],"1.8%":[282],"year.":[284,376,1264,1640],"April":[291,311,328],"were":[293,314,526,581],"\u00a313.35":[294],"hour.":[296],"They":[297,703,2180],"then":[298],"fell":[299],"subsequent":[302],"While":[305,377,1381],"grown,":[309],"2019":[312],"still":[315,323,519],"at":[317,478,552,789,1111,1481,1612,1834,1846],"\u00a313.27":[318],"i.e.":[322],"no":[324,1404,1415,1964,2076,2172],"higher":[325,602,665,1762],"their":[327,513,556,628,657,1756,1919],"level.":[330],"Had":[331],"trend,":[339],"instead":[343],"\u00a316.33":[345],"an":[346,500,2079],"hour;":[347],"so,":[348],"like":[349],"productivity,":[350,432],"otherwise":[357],"might":[358,751],"been.":[360],"For":[361,422,1188],"someone":[362,880],"working":[363,828,981,1004,1596],"35-hour":[365],"week,":[366],"difference":[370],"more":[372,454,587,625,1166,1548,1593,1739,1816,2129,2166],"\u00a35,000":[374],"many":[382,1786],"lowest-paid":[385],"boosted":[388],"National":[391],"Living":[392],"Wage,":[393],"weekly":[394],"low-paid":[397],"men":[398],"done":[401],"well,":[403],"hours":[405],"work":[407,874,885],"fallen.":[409],"any":[411,1575,2090],"case,":[412],"increasing":[413,1073],"legislated":[414],"minimum":[415,1074],"cannot":[417],"fix":[418,457],"long-term":[420,755],"problem.":[421],"we":[424,1168,1190,1217],"need":[425,1296,1340,1534,1995,2181],"focus":[427,1071],"drivers":[430],"including":[433],"education,":[434],"skills,":[435],"public":[436,1118,1134,1225,1375,1469,1750],"infrastructure,":[437],"competition,":[438],"private":[439,637,718],"sector":[440,646],"investment":[441],"free":[443],"trade.":[444],"At":[445,569],"least":[446,1619],"two":[449,1150],"challenging":[455],"post-Brexit":[460],"world.":[461],"terribly":[470],"Note":[473,784,1106,1476,1841],"source:":[475,786,1108,1478,1843],"See":[476,787,1109,1479,1844],"sources":[477,788,1110,1480,1845],"end":[480,791,1113,1483,1848],"page.":[483,794,1116,1486,1851],"The":[484,559,601,797,1117,1234,1492,1565,1608,1707,1733,1894],"prospects":[488],"younger":[490,505,611,733],"Squeezed":[492],"opportunities":[497],"become":[499],"especially":[501,984],"acute":[502],"concern":[503],"for":[504,527,588,621,654,713,732,776,1421,1448,1574,1664,1722,1896,1973,2019,2078,2128],"generations.":[506],"Average":[507,1828],"(median)":[508],"those":[511,575,655,862,938,979],"20s":[514,629,658],"30s":[516,631,660],"today":[517,1270],"2%":[520],"7%":[522],"below":[523,863],"people":[528,544,626,777,1097,1237,1594],"age":[531,570,1241],"2008.":[533],"stalling":[535],"between":[538,592],"unprecedented.":[541],"Meanwhile,":[542,670,2025],"young":[543],"struggling":[548],"accumulate":[550],"wealth":[551,698],"rate":[554,2071],"predecessors":[557],"did.":[558],"biggest":[560,2051],"contributory":[561],"factor":[562],"collapse":[566],"homeownership.":[568],"30,":[571],"38%":[573],"born":[576,591,778],"late":[579],"1980s":[580],"homeowners,":[582],"compared":[583,924],"55%":[585],"or":[586,875,943,1433,1758,1985],"all":[589,861,1744,1989],"1940s":[594],"1970s":[597],"(see":[598,1791],"2).":[600],"price":[603],"homes":[605],"relative":[606],"incomes":[608,930,1757],"faced":[609],"generations,":[612],"particularly":[613],"Southern":[615],"England,":[616],"main":[619,1526,1864],"explanation":[620],"change.":[623],"Many":[624],"renting":[634],"market,":[638],"both":[640],"homeownership":[641,1014],"housing":[645,652,681,1000],"decline.":[650],"Median":[651],"costs":[653,682,1001,1350,1413,2203],"20%":[664],"20":[667,890,926,952,1335],"years":[668,804,891,927,953,1385],"ago.":[669,892,928],"low":[671,688,816,1623],"interest":[672,689],"rates":[673,690,1012,1611,1624,1659,1833],"mean":[674],"(typically":[676],"older)":[677],"owner-occupiers":[678],"past.":[686],"Those":[687],"played":[692],"key":[694],"role":[695],"limiting":[697],"accumulation":[699],"among":[700,1002,1456,2118],"young.":[702],"pushed":[705,1398],"up":[706,737,887,1603,1868],"house":[707],"prices;":[708],"partially":[711],"responsible":[712],"demise":[715],"(in":[716],"sector)":[719],"final":[721],"salary":[722],"occupational":[723],"pensions;":[724],"make":[728],"extremely":[730],"hard":[731,1693],"catch":[736],"later":[738,1082],"because":[740,1620],"returns":[742],"get":[744,1873,2142,2158],"saving":[746],"low.":[749],"We":[750,1161,1718,2058],"seen":[753,1387],"change":[756,1123,1329,1467,1475,1516,1953],"balance":[759],"power,":[762],"which":[763,1613,1697,1943,2083],"require":[765,1355,1559,1683,2125,2145],"thoughtful":[769],"response.":[770],"2.":[772],"Homeownership":[773],"age,":[775,982],"decades":[781],"(Great":[782],"Britain)":[783],"In-work":[795],"dismal":[798],"recent":[803,1053],"exacerbated":[806],"major":[808],"shift":[809,1677],"nature":[812],"income":[817,866,1158,1303,1318,1346,1501,1615,1745,1829],"UK:":[820],"away":[821],"from":[822,888,917,950,1154,1268,1514,1541,1802,1824,2002,2009],"pensioners":[823,942,969],"unemployed,":[826],"towards":[827,1417],"households":[829,985,1005,1035],"who":[830,881],"earning":[833],"enough":[834],"lift":[836],"them":[837],"above":[838],"line.":[841],"Any":[842],"government":[843,1494],"looking":[844],"tackle":[846],"needs":[848],"recognise":[850],"respond":[852,1582],"reality.":[855],"3":[858],"shows,":[859],"official":[865],"line,":[868],"58%":[869],"either":[871,1356],"paid":[873,884],"share":[876,1508,2106],"household":[878,1104,2108,2211],"41%":[889],"part,":[894],"reflects":[896,991],"positive":[897],"trends.":[898],"There":[899,2074,2170],"fewer":[901],"workless":[902],"households:":[903],"10%":[904],"working-age":[906],"adults":[907,1737],"children":[909],"live":[911,944],"such":[913,1589],"household,":[915],"down":[916,949,1696,1917],"15%":[918],"(i.e.":[919],"decline":[921],"one-third)":[923],"Pensioner":[929],"increased,":[932,1133],"18%":[936],"pensioner":[947,963],"22%":[951],"ago,":[954],"despite":[955],"rise":[957,1260,1267,1536],"size":[960],"population.":[964],"Based":[965],"after-housing-costs":[967],"income,":[968],"considerably":[972],"less":[973,1197,1646,1782,2119],"likely":[974,1530],"poor":[977],"children.":[987],"However,":[988],"lack":[993],"increases":[998,1194],"low-income":[1003],"(due":[1006],"part":[1008],"documented":[1015],"above).":[1016],"Since":[1017],"2010\u201311,":[1018],"rises":[1019],"increased":[1026,1153],"cuts":[1028,1207,1220,1372],"benefits.":[1031],"These":[1032,1454],"modest":[1037],"provide":[1039],"backdrop":[1041],"some":[1043,1560],"big":[1046,1206,1812],"policy":[1047,1050,1392,2096],"changes,":[1048],"debates,":[1051],"continue":[1057,2059],"do":[1059,1545],"during":[1061],"upcoming":[1063],"campaign.":[1065],"Major":[1066],"examples":[1067],"include":[1068],"renewed":[1070],"(which":[1076],"IFS":[1077,1944],"researchers":[1078],"examine":[1080],"further":[1081],"campaign)":[1086],"roll-out":[1089],"universal":[1091],"credit.":[1092],"3.":[1094],"Breakdown":[1095],"Great":[1101],"Britain,":[1102],"type":[1105],"finance":[1119],"challenges":[1120,1408],"demographic":[1122,1328,1474,1515],"population":[1126],"aged,":[1128],"cost":[1130,1332,1633],"pensions":[1139,1366],"risen.":[1141],"Over":[1142],"30":[1145,1384],"8.5%":[1155],"national":[1157,1186,1302,1317,1345,1500],"13.1%.":[1160],"\u00a3100bn":[1165],"stayed":[1177],"same":[1179],"fraction":[1182],"our":[1184,1723],"total":[1185],"income.":[1187],"decades,":[1189],"accommodated":[1192],"other":[1199,1331,1374,1543,1787],"things.":[1200],"very":[1205,1622,1986],"defence":[1209],"facilitated":[1212],"increases.":[1214],"More":[1215,1591],"recently,":[1216],"across":[1221],"most":[1222,1458],"spending.":[1226],"Looking":[1227],"forward,":[1228,1670],"abate.":[1233],"number":[1235,1729],"state":[1239,1251],"pension":[1240,1252,1391,1394],"kept":[1244],"steady":[1245],"decade":[1249,2043],"ages":[1253,1395],"risen,":[1255],"but":[1256,1555,1962],"start":[1258],"again":[1261],"after":[1262],"next":[1263,1310,1322,1958,2155],"Numbers":[1265],"12m":[1269],"13m":[1272],"2025.":[1274],"4,":[1279],"latest":[1281],"OBR":[1282],"estimates":[1283],"taken":[1286],"together,":[1287],"increase":[1298],"0.8%":[1300],"(\u00a318bn":[1304],"today\u2019s":[1306],"terms)":[1307],"five":[1311],"1.7%":[1315],"(\u00a338bn)":[1319],"decade,":[1323],"keep":[1325],"pace":[1326],"pressures.":[1333],"years\u2019":[1336],"time,":[1337],"4.3%":[1343],"(\u00a394bn)":[1347],"higher.":[1348],"Increased":[1349],"scale":[1353],"fundamental":[1357],"changes":[1358,1754],"delivery":[1361],"generosity":[1363],"health,":[1365],"care,":[1369],"and/or":[1370,1377],"deep":[1371],"spending,":[1376,1577],"substantial":[1378,1952,2020,2146],"rises.":[1380],"response":[1389],"up,":[1399],"there":[1400,1557,2143,2159],"seems":[1401],"recognition":[1405],"posed":[1409],"rising":[1411,1671],"healthcare":[1412],"progress":[1416,1904],"sustainable":[1419,1431],"settlement":[1420],"care.":[1423],"How":[1424,1439],"funded":[1428],"way":[1432],"demand":[1436],"restrained?":[1438],"current":[1442],"complex,":[1443],"opaque":[1444],"unfair":[1446],"funding":[1451],"reformed?":[1453],"pressing":[1459],"political":[1460],"questions":[1461],"facing":[1462],"us.":[1463],"4.":[1465],"Projected":[1466],"required":[1471,1955,2191],"meet":[1473,2193],"Weakness":[1487],"taking":[1496],"almost":[1497],"35%":[1498],"highest":[1506],"sustained":[1507],"1940s.":[1511],"Given":[1512],"various":[1519],"promises":[1521],"being":[1522],"made":[1523],"parties,":[1527],"taxes":[1532,2123],"further.":[1537],"It":[1538,1689],"clear":[1540,1971,2198],"countries":[1544,1790],"raising":[1547],"perfectly":[1552],"possible,":[1554],"tough":[1561],"decisions":[1562],"reforms.":[1564],"set":[1568,1602],"pay":[1573,1738,1815],"additional":[1576],"threats":[1584],"existing":[1586],"revenue":[1587],"streams":[1588],"as:":[1590],"via":[1597],"business":[1599,1614],"rather":[1604,1774],"employees.":[1607],"taxed,":[1617],"capital":[1626],"gains":[1627],"tax,":[1628,2082],"encourage":[1629],"exchequer":[1635],"well":[1636],"\u00a310bn":[1638],"Fuel":[1641],"duties":[1642],"already":[1643],"raise":[1644,1799],"\u00a35\u00bdbn":[1645],"year":[1648],"result":[1651],"government\u2019s":[1654],"failure":[1655],"maintain":[1657],"duty":[1658,2030],"inflation":[1663],"nine":[1667],"Going":[1669],"fuel":[1672,2216],"efficiency":[1673],"nascent":[1676],"alternatively":[1679],"fuelled":[1680],"vehicles":[1681],"new":[1684,1990],"ways":[1685],"taxing":[1687],"motorists.":[1688],"pin":[1695],"activities":[1698],"multinationals":[1700],"taxed":[1703,1780],"UK.":[1706],"digital":[1710],"services":[1711],"making":[1713],"challenge":[1715,1862],"even":[1716],"tougher.":[1717],"increasingly":[1720],"reliant":[1721],"revenues":[1725],"small":[1728],"high-income":[1731],"individuals.":[1732],"highest-income":[1734],"1%":[1735],"third":[1742],"tax.":[1746,1804],"makes":[1748],"finances":[1751],"vulnerable":[1752,2130],"behaviour.":[1759],"If":[1760],"proposing":[1761],"taxes,":[1763],"politicians":[1764,2175],"bear":[1766],"mind":[1768],"earnings,":[1773,1777],"top":[1776],"markedly":[1781],"Western":[1788],"5).":[1793],"And":[1794],"does":[1797],"unusually":[1800],"little":[1801],"corporation":[1803],"A":[1805],"reliance":[1806],"asking":[1808],"\u2018the":[1809],"rich\u2019":[1810],"companies":[1813],"its":[1818],"limits":[1819],"far":[1823],"risk-free.":[1825],"5.":[1827],"SSC":[1832],"(c.":[1838],"\u00a328,000),":[1839],"2016":[1840],"Getting":[1852,2132],"huge":[1861],"All":[1863],"signed":[1867],"target":[1871],"UK\u2019s":[1875,1912],"2050,":[1883],"perhaps":[1885],"earlier":[1886,2160],"rhetoric":[1889],"believed.":[1893],"case":[1895],"achieving":[1897],"goal":[1899],"strong.":[1901],"Yet,":[1902],"while":[1903],"date":[1906],"good":[1909],"domestic":[1913,1981,2218],"44%":[1916],"1990":[1920],"level":[1921,2028],"policies":[1923,2186],"place":[1927,2016],"come":[1929],"anywhere":[1930],"near":[1931],"meeting":[1933],"target.":[1935],"According":[1936],"Climate":[1939],"Change":[1940],"Committee,":[1941],"Director":[1945],"Paul":[1946],"Johnson":[1947],"sits":[1948],"member,":[1951],"few":[1959],"including,":[1961],"means":[1965],"limited":[1966],"to:":[1967],"2025,":[1969],"strategy":[1972],"completely":[1974],"replacing":[1975],"source":[1979,2052],"heating;":[1982],"2030,":[1984,2000,2013],"soon":[1987],"thereafter,":[1988],"car":[1991],"van":[1993],"sales":[1994],"electric;":[1998],"move":[2001],"50%":[2003],"80%":[2005],"electricity":[2007,2067,2113],"coming":[2008],"low-carbon":[2010],"sources;":[2011],"infrastructure":[2018],"carbon":[2021,2081],"capture":[2022],"storage.":[2024],"petrol":[2032],"diesel":[2034],"cut":[2037],"17%":[2039],"road":[2045],"transport":[2046],"single":[2050],"emissions.":[2057],"subsidise":[2061],"households\u2019":[2062],"through":[2068],"reduced":[2070],"VAT.":[2073],"proposals":[2077],"economy-wide":[2080],"necessary":[2087],"component":[2088],"efficient":[2091],"programme":[2092],"decarbonisation.":[2094],"One":[2095],"problem,":[2097],"illustrated":[2099],"6,":[2102],"going":[2110],"gas,":[2112],"petrol/diesel":[2115],"larger":[2117],"well-off":[2120],"households.":[2121,2131],"Additional":[2122],"compensation":[2126],"packages":[2127],"2050":[2137,2162],"possible.":[2139],"costly":[2148],"action":[2149],"parliament.":[2156],"To":[2157],"difficult":[2167],"costly.":[2169],"value":[2173],"simply":[2176],"competing":[2177],"targets.":[2179],"spell":[2183],"actually":[2189],"targets":[2195],"immediate":[2202],"met.":[2206],"6.":[2208],"Share":[2209],"devoted":[2213],"motoring":[2215],"energy":[2219],"expenditure":[2221],"decile":[2222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2019-11-22T00:00:00"}
