{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2981708751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040208","title":"Detection of Second Line Drug Resistance among Drug Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Isolates in Botswana","display_name":"Detection of Second Line Drug Resistance among Drug Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Isolates in Botswana","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2981708751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040208","mag":"2981708751","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31661825","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6963291"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/pathogens8040208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040208","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/8/4/208/pdf?version=1572254511","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210239906","display_name":"Pathogens","issn_l":"2076-0817","issn":["2076-0817"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pathogens","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/8/4/208/pdf?version=1572254511","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036289347","display_name":"Tuelo Mogashoa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4156-8746","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4156-8746"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149475","display_name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership","ror":"https://ror.org/04rkbns44","country_code":"BW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149475"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuelo Mogashoa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone 0000, Botswana","Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone 0022, Botswana"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4156-8746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone 0000, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149475"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone 0022, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073244101","display_name":"Pinkie Melamu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149475","display_name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership","ror":"https://ror.org/04rkbns44","country_code":"BW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149475"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pinkie Melamu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone 0000, Botswana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone 0000, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149475"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055094119","display_name":"Brigitta Derendinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7208-2154","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7208-2154"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10947320","display_name":"South African Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05q60vz69","country_code":"ZA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10947320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","display_name":"Stellenbosch University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brigitta Derendinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10947320","https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079723635","display_name":"Serej D. Ley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2705-9120","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2705-9120"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10947320","display_name":"South African Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05q60vz69","country_code":"ZA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10947320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158937107","display_name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03adhka07","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158937107"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","display_name":"Stellenbosch University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}],"countries":["CH","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Serej D. Ley","raw_affiliation_strings":["DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa","Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4002, Switzerland","Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel 4001, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2705-9120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10947320","https://openalex.org/I26092322"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4002, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158937107"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel 4001, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062490980","display_name":"Elizabeth Maria Streicher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3901-1981","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3901-1981"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10947320","display_name":"South African Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05q60vz69","country_code":"ZA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10947320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","display_name":"Stellenbosch University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth M. Streicher","raw_affiliation_strings":["DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10947320","https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007258263","display_name":"Thato Iketleng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5725-295X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5725-295X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149475","display_name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership","ror":"https://ror.org/04rkbns44","country_code":"BW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149475"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["BW","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thato Iketleng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone 0000, Botswana","College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5725-295X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone 0000, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149475"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046090752","display_name":"Lucy Mupfumi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2290-2481","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2290-2481"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149475","display_name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership","ror":"https://ror.org/04rkbns44","country_code":"BW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149475"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucy Mupfumi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone 0000, Botswana","Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone 0022, Botswana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone 0000, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149475"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone 0022, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082179030","display_name":"Margaret Mokomane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4406-3594","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4406-3594"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140946","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04551r843","country_code":"BW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140946"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margaret Mokomane","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone 0000, Botswana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone 0000, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052056592","display_name":"Botshelo T. Kgwaadira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4498-3892","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4498-3892"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140946","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04551r843","country_code":"BW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140946"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Botshelo Kgwaadira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana National Tuberculosis Programme, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone 0000, Botswana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana National Tuberculosis Programme, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone 0000, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087960673","display_name":"Goabaone Rankgoane-Pono","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7233-8412","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7233-8412"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140946","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04551r843","country_code":"BW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140946"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goabaone Rankgoane-Pono","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana National Tuberculosis Programme, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone 0000, Botswana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana National Tuberculosis Programme, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone 0000, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046662506","display_name":"Thusoyaone T. Tsholofelo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140946","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04551r843","country_code":"BW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140946"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thusoyaone T. Tsholofelo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana National Tuberculosis Programme, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone 0000, Botswana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana National Tuberculosis Programme, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone 0000, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021423341","display_name":"Ishmael Kasvosve","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2046-545X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2046-545X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ishmael Kasvosve","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone 0022, Botswana"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2046-545X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone 0022, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089498228","display_name":"Sikhulile M. Moyo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3821-4592","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3821-4592"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149475","display_name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership","ror":"https://ror.org/04rkbns44","country_code":"BW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149475"]}],"countries":["BW","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sikhulile Moyo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone 0000, Botswana","Department of immunology and infectious diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, MA02115, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3821-4592","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone 0000, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149475"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of immunology and infectious diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, MA02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021801489","display_name":"Robin M. Warren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-7358","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-7358"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10947320","display_name":"South African Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05q60vz69","country_code":"ZA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10947320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","display_name":"Stellenbosch University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robin M. Warren","raw_affiliation_strings":["DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10947320","https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010657706","display_name":"Simani Gaseitsiwe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7089-3735","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7089-3735"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149475","display_name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership","ror":"https://ror.org/04rkbns44","country_code":"BW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149475"]}],"countries":["BW","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simani Gaseitsiwe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone 0000, Botswana","Department of immunology and infectious diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, MA02115, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone 0000, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149475"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of immunology and infectious diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, MA02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010657706"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210149475"],"apc_list":{"value":1300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1317},"apc_paid":{"value":1300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1317},"fwci":1.3598,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79931863,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"208","last_page":"208"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mycobacterium-tuberculosis","display_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis","display_name":"multidrug-resistant tuberculosis","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis","display_name":"extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-line-drug-resistance","display_name":"second-line drug resistance","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluoroquinolone-resistance","display_name":"fluoroquinolone resistance","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rifampicin-resistance","display_name":"rifampicin resistance","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isoniazid-resistance","display_name":"isoniazid resistance","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoligotyping","display_name":"spoligotyping","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-probe-assay","display_name":"line probe assay","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-outcomes","display_name":"treatment outcomes","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botswana","display_name":"Botswana","score":0.9269999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778607973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422652","display_name":"Rifampicin","level":3,"score":0.8784667253494263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776967927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423169","display_name":"Isoniazid","level":3,"score":0.8422135710716248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Tuberculosis","level":2,"score":0.7608242034912109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114851261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147416","display_name":"Drug resistance","level":2,"score":0.7365825176239014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777975735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130971","display_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","level":3,"score":0.731681227684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6016904711723328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.5146373510360718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133936738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q643839","display_name":"Multiple drug resistance","level":3,"score":0.48172643780708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.4677783250808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.4463450610637665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.42597922682762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777025531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866602","display_name":"Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis","level":4,"score":0.4116780459880829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.264722615480423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.24115851521492004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.06902828812599182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.04911264777183533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/pathogens8040208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040208","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/8/4/208/pdf?version=1572254511","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210239906","display_name":"Pathogens","issn_l":"2076-0817","issn":["2076-0817"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pathogens","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5981691","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6963291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6963291","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6963291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pathogens","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:31661825","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31661825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:edoc.unibas.ch:72966","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://edoc.unibas.ch/72966/1/20191122135606_5dd7dae6582f7.pdf","pdf_url":"https://edoc.unibas.ch/72966/1/20191122135606_5dd7dae6582f7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401836","display_name":"edoc (University of Basel)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","host_organization_name":"University of Basel","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a29c3f93a2eb4c73b5238340ac2b2491","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a29c3f93a2eb4c73b5238340ac2b2491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Pathogens, Vol 8, Iss 4, p 208 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/123259","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/123259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400300","display_name":"SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","host_organization_name":"Stellenbosch University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.5451/unibas-ep72966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5451/unibas-ep72966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5451/unibas-ep72966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401836","display_name":"edoc (University of Basel)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","host_organization_name":"University of Basel","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/pathogens8040208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040208","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/8/4/208/pdf?version=1572254511","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210239906","display_name":"Pathogens","issn_l":"2076-0817","issn":["2076-0817"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pathogens","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5698469218","display_name":"Sub-Saharan African Network for TB/HIV research Excellence (SANTHE)","funder_award_id":"107752/Z/15/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2981708751.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2981708751.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1592445079","https://openalex.org/W1610203956","https://openalex.org/W1950346843","https://openalex.org/W1970741618","https://openalex.org/W1993951510","https://openalex.org/W2002242278","https://openalex.org/W2062037777","https://openalex.org/W2070026975","https://openalex.org/W2134558351","https://openalex.org/W2144226819","https://openalex.org/W2238396700","https://openalex.org/W2334265466","https://openalex.org/W2410272966","https://openalex.org/W2443294764","https://openalex.org/W2465482001","https://openalex.org/W2570215764","https://openalex.org/W2582656716","https://openalex.org/W2617726015","https://openalex.org/W2697958352","https://openalex.org/W2760025411","https://openalex.org/W2792358674","https://openalex.org/W2795821045","https://openalex.org/W2903913877","https://openalex.org/W2938525838","https://openalex.org/W2944077148","https://openalex.org/W2966349664","https://openalex.org/W2969308222","https://openalex.org/W2972895134"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2941388025","https://openalex.org/W4415673190","https://openalex.org/W7211995884","https://openalex.org/W2998920764","https://openalex.org/W2071586673","https://openalex.org/W2965120927","https://openalex.org/W1831755757","https://openalex.org/W2781806196","https://openalex.org/W4380788878","https://openalex.org/W2904752069"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,25,36,91,118,162],"emergence":[1],"and":[2,8,54,57,76,101,128,150,158],"transmission":[3],"of":[4,28,38,46,62,93,189,199],"multidrug":[5],"resistant":[6,11,56,147,154,192],"(MDR)":[7],"extensively":[9],"drug":[10,29,103,191,201],"(XDR)":[12],"Mycobacterium":[13],"tuberculosis":[14,22],"(M.tb)":[15],"strains":[16],"is":[17,31],"a":[18],"threat":[19],"to":[20,42,81,124,148,155,195],"global":[21],"(TB)":[23],"control.":[24],"early":[26],"detection":[27,198],"resistance":[30,51,80],"critical":[32],"for":[33],"patient":[34],"management.":[35],"aim":[37],"this":[39,89],"study":[40,184],"was":[41,106,169],"determine":[43],"the":[44,68,94,109,125,135,181,187],"proportion":[45],"isolates":[47,65,96,137],"with":[48,79],"additional":[49],"second-line":[50,102,159,200],"among":[52],"rifampicin":[53,83],"isoniazid":[55],"MDR-TB":[58],"isolates.":[59],"A":[60],"total":[61],"66":[63],"M.tb":[64,95],"received":[66],"at":[67],"National":[69],"Tuberculosis":[70],"Reference":[71],"Laboratory":[72],"between":[73],"March":[74],"2012":[75],"October":[77],"2013":[78],"isoniazid,":[82],"or":[84,177],"both":[85,156],"were":[86,97,121,141,145,153],"analyzed":[87],"in":[88],"study.":[90],"genotypes":[92],"determined":[98],"by":[99],"spoligotyping":[100],"susceptibility":[104],"testing":[105],"done":[107],"using":[108],"Hain":[110],"Genotype":[111],"MTBDRsl":[112],"line":[113],"probe":[114],"assay":[115],"version":[116],"2.0.":[117],"treatment":[119],"outcomes":[120],"defined":[122],"according":[123],"Botswana":[126],"national":[127],"World":[129],"Health":[130],"Organization":[131],"(WHO)":[132],"guidelines.":[133],"Of":[134],"57":[136],"analyzed,":[138],"33":[139],"(58%)":[140],"MDR-TB,":[142],"4":[143],"(7%)":[144],"additionally":[146],"flouroquinolones":[149],"3":[151],"(5%)":[152],"fluoroquinolones":[157],"injectable":[160],"drugs.":[161],"most":[163],"common":[164],"fluoroquinolone":[165],"resistance-conferring":[166],"mutation":[167],"detected":[168],"gyrA":[170],"A90V.":[171],"All":[172],"XDR-TB":[173],"cases":[174,194],"remained":[175],"smear":[176],"culture":[178],"positive":[179],"throughout":[180],"treatment.":[182],"Our":[183],"findings":[185],"indicate":[186],"importance":[188],"monitoring":[190],"TB":[193],"ensure":[196],"rapid":[197],"resistance.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2019-11-01T00:00:00"}
