{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2980918752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702819885647","title":"Time-Gated Single-Shot Picosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (ps-LIBS) for Equivalence-Ratio Measurements","display_name":"Time-Gated Single-Shot Picosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (ps-LIBS) for Equivalence-Ratio Measurements","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2980918752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702819885647","mag":"2980918752","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31617399"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0003702819885647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702819885647","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702819885647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67069294","display_name":"Applied Spectroscopy","issn_l":"0003-7028","issn":["0003-7028","1943-3530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Spectroscopy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006834173","display_name":"Mark T. Gragston","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2469-8995","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2469-8995"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799495847","display_name":"University of Tennessee System","ror":"https://ror.org/00xzqjh13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799495847"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Gragston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN, USA","Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2469-8995","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799495847","https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060061652","display_name":"Paul S. Hsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9984-2747","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9984-2747","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9965-9283"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799950915","display_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","ror":"https://ror.org/0097e1k27","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9984-2747","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073199210","display_name":"Anil K. Patnaik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7686-4305","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7686-4305","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0312-803X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799950915","display_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","ror":"https://ror.org/0097e1k27","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anil Patnaik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100622101","display_name":"Zhili Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1323-8790","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1323-8790"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhili Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033592969","display_name":"Sukesh Roy T","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0207-4241","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0207-4241"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123694","display_name":"Spectral Energies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/025e41s54","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123694"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sukesh Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spectral Energies LLC, Beavercreek, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spectral Energies LLC, Beavercreek, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123694"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060061652"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I55061410"],"apc_list":{"value":4400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9564,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63961667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"3","first_page":"340","last_page":"346"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11854","display_name":"Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11854","display_name":"Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10642","display_name":"Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Applications","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methane-air-flames","display_name":"methane-air flames","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma-emission","display_name":"plasma emission","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"signal-to-noise ratio","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulent-reacting-flows","display_name":"turbulent reacting flows","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma-stability","display_name":"plasma stability","score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combustion-diagnostics","display_name":"combustion diagnostics","score":0.3959999978542328}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50497907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2654990","display_name":"Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy","level":3,"score":0.9330993890762329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55005982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3902709","display_name":"Picosecond","level":3,"score":0.6691625714302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.64882493019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5906389951705933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.5254285335540771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5090138912200928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.4746050238609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019835501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1310130","display_name":"Single shot","level":2,"score":0.424604207277298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3714037537574768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3407559394836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18260535597801208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0003702819885647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702819885647","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702819885647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67069294","display_name":"Applied Spectroscopy","issn_l":"0003-7028","issn":["0003-7028","1943-3530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Spectroscopy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31617399","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31617399","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied spectroscopy","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3112225595","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8650-16-C-2725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4347144035","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18RQCOR097","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7603534236","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8650-15-D-2518","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W387266835","https://openalex.org/W1644080793","https://openalex.org/W1978800562","https://openalex.org/W1981246321","https://openalex.org/W1981409858","https://openalex.org/W1993693260","https://openalex.org/W1993879195","https://openalex.org/W1997094102","https://openalex.org/W2014078245","https://openalex.org/W2016396476","https://openalex.org/W2029030542","https://openalex.org/W2031972188","https://openalex.org/W2039523400","https://openalex.org/W2066637574","https://openalex.org/W2067949018","https://openalex.org/W2074501726","https://openalex.org/W2100536908","https://openalex.org/W2290927243","https://openalex.org/W2346514561","https://openalex.org/W2525771211","https://openalex.org/W2529084375","https://openalex.org/W2891936484","https://openalex.org/W2893563742","https://openalex.org/W2938426344"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3161072728","https://openalex.org/W4220813023","https://openalex.org/W2164567721","https://openalex.org/W2167371903","https://openalex.org/W4383892346","https://openalex.org/W2589870326","https://openalex.org/W2017100615","https://openalex.org/W2525771211","https://openalex.org/W2620821645","https://openalex.org/W299015447"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Time-gated":[0],"picosecond":[1],"laser-induced":[2],"breakdown":[3],"spectroscopy":[4],"(ps-LIBS)":[5],"for":[6,22,74,106],"the":[7,44,54,87,90,116,146,149,161,186],"determination":[8,76],"of":[9,33,56,86,89,108,112,148,188],"local":[10],"equivalence":[11,117],"ratios":[12],"in":[13,77,115,152,198],"atmospheric-pressure":[14,140],"adiabatic":[15],"methane\u2013air":[16],"flames":[17],"is":[18],"demonstrated.":[19],"Traditional":[20],"LIBS":[21],"equivalence-ratio":[23,75,195],"measurements":[24,72],"employ":[25],"nanosecond":[26],"(ns)-laser":[27],"pulses,":[28],"which":[29],"generate":[30],"excessive":[31],"amounts":[32],"continuum,":[34],"reducing":[35],"measurement":[36,113,131],"accuracy":[37],"and":[38,104,110,126,164,200],"precision.":[39],"Shorter":[40],"pulse":[41],"durations":[42],"reduce":[43],"continuum":[45],"emission":[46,60,92,163],"by":[47,52],"limiting":[48],"avalanche":[49],"ionization.":[50],"Furthermore,":[51],"contrast":[53],"use":[55],"femtosecond":[57],"lasers,":[58],"plasma":[59,91,162],"using":[61,178,189],"picosecond-laser":[62],"excitation":[63,181],"has":[64],"a":[65,153,179],"high":[66,135],"signal-to-noise":[67],"ratio":[68,93],"(S/N),":[69],"allowing":[70],"single-shot":[71],"suitable":[73],"turbulent":[78],"reacting":[79],"flows.":[80],"We":[81],"carried":[82],"out":[83],"an":[84],"analysis":[85],"dependence":[88],"H":[94],"\u03b1":[95],"(656":[96],"nm)/N":[97],"II":[98],"(568":[99],"nm)":[100],"on":[101],"laser":[102,124],"energy":[103,125],"time-delay":[105],"optimization":[107],"S/N":[109],"minimization":[111],"uncertainties":[114],"ratios.":[118],"Our":[119,183],"finding":[120],"shows":[121,185],"that":[122,160],"higher":[123],"shorter":[127],"time":[128],"delay":[129],"reduces":[130],"uncertainty":[132],"while":[133],"maintaining":[134],"S/N.":[136],"In":[137],"addition":[138],"to":[139,175,192],"flame":[141],"studies,":[142],"we":[143],"also":[144],"examine":[145],"stability":[147],"ps-LIBS":[150],"signal":[151],"high-pressure":[154,201],"nitrogen":[155],"cell.":[156],"The":[157],"results":[158],"indicate":[159],"spatial":[165],"position":[166],"could":[167],"be":[168],"stable,":[169],"shot-to-shot,":[170],"at":[171],"elevated":[172],"pressure":[173],"(up":[174],"40":[176],"bar)":[177],"lower":[180],"energy.":[182],"work":[184],"potential":[187],"ps-duration":[190],"pulses":[191],"improve":[193],"LIBS-based":[194],"measurements,":[196],"both":[197],"atmospheric":[199],"combustion":[202],"environments.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2019-10-25T00:00:00"}