{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2980233307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1042/bio02504013","title":"Directed evolution: Creating new enzymes","display_name":"Directed evolution: Creating new enzymes","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2980233307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1042/bio02504013","mag":"2980233307"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1042/bio02504013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1042/bio02504013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1042/bio02504013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210185094","display_name":"The Biochemist","issn_l":"0954-982X","issn":["0954-982X","1740-1194"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311608","host_organization_name":"Portland Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311608","https://openalex.org/P4310311715"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Portland Press","Biochemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Biochemist","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1042/bio02504013","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065889110","display_name":"Gavin J. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2172-9063","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2172-9063"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gavin J. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leeds, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054775140","display_name":"Alan Berry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3502-0426","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3502-0426"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Berry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leeds, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1154,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47772256,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"4","first_page":"13","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10404","display_name":"Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10404","display_name":"Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10044","display_name":"Protein Structure and Dynamics","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11617","display_name":"Enzyme Production and Characterization","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-evolution","display_name":"directed evolution","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enzyme-engineering","display_name":"enzyme engineering","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-engineering","display_name":"protein engineering","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enzyme-catalysis","display_name":"enzyme catalysis","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enzyme-structure","display_name":"enzyme structure","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-design","display_name":"protein design","score":0.44600000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9418097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q440681","display_name":"Directed evolution","level":4,"score":0.71026611328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53105671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14777816","display_name":"Rational design","level":2,"score":0.6587218046188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778757428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250464","display_name":"Realm","level":2,"score":0.649640679359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908542902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q440681","display_name":"Directed Molecular Evolution","level":5,"score":0.6460014581680298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.603140652179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5148054957389832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152769699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410814","display_name":"Protein design","level":3,"score":0.4958237111568451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147816474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169525","display_name":"Protein engineering","level":3,"score":0.4789845943450928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4756626486778259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4750121533870697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.30661463737487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47701112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735188","display_name":"Protein structure","level":2,"score":0.2909635603427887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26939526200294495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2501760721206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.2311747670173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.21283790469169617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.12111833691596985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09484943747520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143065580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3285695","display_name":"Mutant","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1042/bio02504013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1042/bio02504013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1042/bio02504013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210185094","display_name":"The Biochemist","issn_l":"0954-982X","issn":["0954-982X","1740-1194"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311608","host_organization_name":"Portland Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311608","https://openalex.org/P4310311715"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Portland Press","Biochemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Biochemist","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1042/bio02504013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1042/bio02504013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1042/bio02504013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210185094","display_name":"The Biochemist","issn_l":"0954-982X","issn":["0954-982X","1740-1194"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311608","host_organization_name":"Portland Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311608","https://openalex.org/P4310311715"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Portland Press","Biochemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Biochemist","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3015050444","https://openalex.org/W1513906750","https://openalex.org/W201474739","https://openalex.org/W2048274228","https://openalex.org/W7096952240","https://openalex.org/W2087800377","https://openalex.org/W2793209087","https://openalex.org/W1548421761","https://openalex.org/W4230431381","https://openalex.org/W2112169196"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,11,48,55,94,97,117],"the":[2,9,12,38,58,64,72,95],"goals":[3],"for":[4,19,125],"protein":[5,32,39],"engineers":[6],"has":[7,24,41,79,86],"been":[8,26,42],"acquisition":[10],"knowledge":[13],"to":[14,107,111],"design":[15],"and":[16,50,61,63,100],"build":[17],"proteins":[18],"any":[20],"given":[21],"function.":[22,36],"This":[23],"usually":[25],"achieved":[27],"by":[28],"modifying":[29],"an":[30,45,109,131],"existing":[31],"with":[33,44,121],"a":[34,52],"similar":[35],"However,":[37],"engineer":[40],"faced":[43],"intensive":[46],"task":[47],"gathering":[49],"understanding":[51,93],"whole":[53],"realm":[54],"information":[56],"about":[57],"enzyme's":[59],"structure":[60],"mechanism":[62],"role":[65],"that":[66],"each":[67],"amino":[68],"acid":[69],"plays":[70],"in":[71,81],"catalytic":[73],"process.":[74],"Although":[75],"rational":[76,112],"enzyme":[77,98,113],"redesign":[78],"resulted":[80],"some":[82],"notable":[83],"successes,":[84],"it":[85],"highlighted":[87],"more":[88,122],"often":[89],"our":[90],"relatively":[91],"poor":[92],"intricacies":[96],"recognition":[99],"catalysis.":[101],"The":[102,115],"search":[103],"was":[104],"therefore":[105],"on":[106],"develop":[108],"alternative":[110],"redesign.":[114],"techniques":[116],"molecular":[118],"biology":[119],"coupled":[120],"automated":[123],"methods":[124],"handling":[126],"repetitive":[127],"tasks":[128],"have":[129],"provided":[130],"answer:":[132],"directed":[133],"evolution.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2019-10-18T00:00:00"}