{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2980022901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695119872094","title":"On \u2018modified human agents\u2019: John Lilly and the paranoid style in American neuroscience","display_name":"On \u2018modified human agents\u2019: John Lilly and the paranoid style in American neuroscience","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2980022901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695119872094","mag":"2980022901","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31839695","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6899429"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0952695119872094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695119872094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695119872094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74612419","display_name":"History of the Human Sciences","issn_l":"0952-6951","issn":["0952-6951","1461-720X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"History of the Human Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695119872094","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087479403","display_name":"Charlie Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6110-0070","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6110-0070"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charlie Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Mary, University of London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6110-0070","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary, University of London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087479403"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"fwci":2.3476,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92028904,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"5","first_page":"84","last_page":"107"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13308","display_name":"Cybernetics and Technology in Society","score":0.3174000084400177,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13308","display_name":"Cybernetics and Technology in Society","score":0.3174000084400177,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12854","display_name":"Neurology and Historical Studies","score":0.1875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12666","display_name":"Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices","score":0.1860000044107437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mind-control","display_name":"mind control","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paranoid-style","display_name":"paranoid style","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychedelics","display_name":"psychedelics","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioural-modification","display_name":"behavioural modification","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-institute-of-mental-health","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency","display_name":"agency","score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-neuroscience","display_name":"history of neuroscience","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-mapping","display_name":"brain mapping","score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-stimulation","display_name":"electrical stimulation","score":0.8199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1792644","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","level":2,"score":0.5765137672424316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5092383623123169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.4218774437904358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3869503140449524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.3852052688598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.20107942819595337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.06643277406692505}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0952695119872094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695119872094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695119872094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74612419","display_name":"History of the Human Sciences","issn_l":"0952-6951","issn":["0952-6951","1461-720X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"History of the Human Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6899429","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6899429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hist Human Sci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:31839695","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31839695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"History of the human sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0952695119872094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695119872094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695119872094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74612419","display_name":"History of the Human Sciences","issn_l":"0952-6951","issn":["0952-6951","1461-720X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"History of the Human Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6671166128","display_name":"Hidden Persuaders? Brainwashing, Culture, Clinical Knowledge and the Cold War Human Sciences c. 1950-1990.","funder_award_id":"103344/Z/13/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7506355630","display_name":"Pathologies of Solitude, 18th - 21st century","funder_award_id":"207863/Z/17/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W165239723","https://openalex.org/W377757877","https://openalex.org/W394415132","https://openalex.org/W593654275","https://openalex.org/W599880869","https://openalex.org/W623332786","https://openalex.org/W627841034","https://openalex.org/W650481336","https://openalex.org/W1504759777","https://openalex.org/W1568797196","https://openalex.org/W1732538779","https://openalex.org/W1965674998","https://openalex.org/W1977308037","https://openalex.org/W1982791994","https://openalex.org/W2016331238","https://openalex.org/W2019320135","https://openalex.org/W2020860794","https://openalex.org/W2045284934","https://openalex.org/W2071767155","https://openalex.org/W2072918706","https://openalex.org/W2095805275","https://openalex.org/W2096269663","https://openalex.org/W2130401815","https://openalex.org/W2135197300","https://openalex.org/W2159854243","https://openalex.org/W2315183899","https://openalex.org/W2326203609","https://openalex.org/W2334339928","https://openalex.org/W2480080790","https://openalex.org/W2497719046","https://openalex.org/W2501193146","https://openalex.org/W2529575159","https://openalex.org/W2591712875","https://openalex.org/W2906962872","https://openalex.org/W2978511659","https://openalex.org/W3143583916","https://openalex.org/W3211746839","https://openalex.org/W4206361411","https://openalex.org/W4230137016","https://openalex.org/W4231217935","https://openalex.org/W4243925456","https://openalex.org/W4248791051","https://openalex.org/W4250563439","https://openalex.org/W4291108858","https://openalex.org/W4300506779","https://openalex.org/W4300664839","https://openalex.org/W4388251093"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2150356446","https://openalex.org/W7033511804","https://openalex.org/W2494007141","https://openalex.org/W2001657885","https://openalex.org/W3040848776","https://openalex.org/W596870753","https://openalex.org/W2033303143","https://openalex.org/W7112999089","https://openalex.org/W6922437254","https://openalex.org/W2050252486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,31,102],"personal":[1],"papers":[2],"of":[3,28,37,41,52,60,64,72,97,108,145,151,166,179,187,206,215,238],"the":[4,19,23,38,49,58,65,68,124,133,149,174,197,204,236],"neurophysiologist":[5],"John":[6],"C.":[7],"Lilly":[8,55,128,137,157],"at":[9,48],"Stanford":[10],"University":[11],"hold":[12],"a":[13,142,185],"classified":[14],"paper":[15,32,103],"he":[16],"wrote":[17,88],"in":[18],"late":[20],"1950s":[21],"on":[22],"behavioural":[24],"modification":[25],"and":[26,67,70,84,135,153,183,192,200,208,227],"control":[27,81,178,229],"'human":[29],"agents'.":[30],"provides":[33],"an":[34,105,213,231],"unnerving":[35],"prognosis":[36],"future":[39],"application":[40],"Lilly's":[42,109,216,239],"research,":[43,87],"then":[44],"being":[45,162],"carried":[46],"out":[47],"National":[50],"Institute":[51],"Mental":[53],"Health.":[54],"claimed":[56],"that":[57],"use":[59,150],"sensory":[61,154],"isolation,":[62],"electrostimulation":[63],"brain,":[66],"recording":[69],"mapping":[71],"brain":[73,99],"activity":[74],"could":[75,90,170],"be":[76,171],"used":[77,163],"to":[78,93,111,176],"gain":[79],"'push-button'":[80],"over":[82,100,189],"motivation":[83],"behaviour.":[85],"This":[86,194],"Lilly,":[89],"eventually":[91],"lead":[92],"'master-slave":[94],"controls":[95],"directly":[96],"one":[98],"another'.":[101],"is":[104,121,129],"explicit":[106],"example":[107],"preparedness":[110],"align":[112],"his":[113],"research":[114,125],"towards":[115],"Cold":[116],"War":[117],"military":[118],"aims.":[119],"It":[120],"not,":[122],"however,":[123],"for":[126,234],"which":[127],"best":[130],"known.":[131],"During":[132],"1960s":[134],"1970s,":[136],"developed":[138],"cult":[139],"status":[140],"as":[141,164],"far-out":[143],"guru":[144],"consciousness":[146],"exploration,":[147],"promoting":[148],"psychedelics":[152],"isolation":[155],"tanks.":[156],"argued":[158],"that,":[159],"rather":[160],"than":[161],"tools":[165],"brainwashing,":[167],"these":[168],"techniques":[169],"employed":[172],"by":[173],"individual":[175],"regain":[177],"their":[180,190],"own":[181],"mind":[182,210,228],"retain":[184],"sense":[186],"agency":[188],"thoughts":[191],"actions.":[193],"article":[195],"examines":[196],"scientific,":[198],"intellectual,":[199],"cultural":[201],"relationship":[202],"between":[203],"sciences":[205],"brainwashing":[207,226],"psychedelic":[209],"alteration.":[211],"Through":[212],"analysis":[214],"autobiographical":[217],"writings,":[218],"I":[219],"also":[220],"show":[221],"how":[222],"paranoid":[223],"ideas":[224],"about":[225],"provide":[230],"important":[232],"lens":[233],"understanding":[235],"trajectory":[237],"research.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2019-10-18T00:00:00"}
