{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2979637586","doi":null,"title":"Carbon cryogel production from lignin, ionic liquid and liquefied oil palm frond as catalyst for esterification of levulinic acid","display_name":"Carbon cryogel production from lignin, ionic liquid and liquefied oil palm frond as catalyst for esterification of levulinic acid","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2979637586","mag":"2979637586"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2979637586","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/81771/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042641840","display_name":"Muzakkir Mohammad Zainol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0893-541X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0893-541X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muzakkir Mohammad Zainol","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042641840"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11009","display_name":"Catalysis for Biomass Conversion","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1503","display_name":"Catalysis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11009","display_name":"Catalysis for Biomass Conversion","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1503","display_name":"Catalysis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10480","display_name":"Ionic liquids properties and applications","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1606","display_name":"Physical and Theoretical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11831","display_name":"Chemical Synthesis and Reactions","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-cryogel","display_name":"carbon cryogel","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lignin","display_name":"lignin","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionic-liquids","display_name":"ionic liquids","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-palm-fronds","display_name":"oil palm fronds","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/levulinic-acid-esterification","display_name":"levulinic acid esterification","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethyl-levulinate","display_name":"ethyl levulinate","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acid-catalysts","display_name":"acid catalysts","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/furfural","display_name":"furfural","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sol-gel-polycondensation","display_name":"sol-gel polycondensation","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freeze-drying","display_name":"freeze-drying","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbonization","display_name":"carbonization","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-area","display_name":"surface area","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acidity","display_name":"acidity","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/esterification-kinetics","display_name":"esterification kinetics","score":0.8309999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780604391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903322","display_name":"Levulinic acid","level":3,"score":0.9326889514923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779719330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412429","display_name":"Furfural","level":3,"score":0.8628427982330322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154881586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898579","display_name":"Ionic liquid","level":3,"score":0.6979087591171265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5784744620323181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.5618727207183838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60100273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902806","display_name":"Thermogravimetric analysis","level":2,"score":0.5501528382301331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.44389891624450684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780526948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27335","display_name":"Furfuryl alcohol","level":3,"score":0.4396383464336395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781403372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207688","display_name":"Oleic acid","level":2,"score":0.4222203195095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781052789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184817","display_name":"Lignin","level":2,"score":0.4102781116962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13965031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545","display_name":"Nuclear chemistry","level":1,"score":0.3997485041618347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2979637586","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/81771/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.46149998903274536,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":188,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W371202290","https://openalex.org/W597617428","https://openalex.org/W1120204528","https://openalex.org/W1468461005","https://openalex.org/W1517590857","https://openalex.org/W1556995216","https://openalex.org/W1886190972","https://openalex.org/W1966320788","https://openalex.org/W1966828561","https://openalex.org/W1967360477","https://openalex.org/W1968203675","https://openalex.org/W1968219756","https://openalex.org/W1968306379","https://openalex.org/W1969810465","https://openalex.org/W1970544177","https://openalex.org/W1972235863","https://openalex.org/W1972318130","https://openalex.org/W1974030011","https://openalex.org/W1974204783","https://openalex.org/W1978221441","https://openalex.org/W1978821082","https://openalex.org/W1980245408","https://openalex.org/W1981887800","https://openalex.org/W1984320082","https://openalex.org/W1984325113","https://openalex.org/W1984822325","https://openalex.org/W1986069672","https://openalex.org/W1987394952","https://openalex.org/W1987741183","https://openalex.org/W1988052929","https://openalex.org/W1988055877","https://openalex.org/W1988576496","https://openalex.org/W1988971041","https://openalex.org/W1989818675","https://openalex.org/W1990459800","https://openalex.org/W1990871165","https://openalex.org/W1991969303","https://openalex.org/W1992352703","https://openalex.org/W1992469412","https://openalex.org/W1992553922","https://openalex.org/W1993179750","https://openalex.org/W1995158566","https://openalex.org/W1995200458","https://openalex.org/W1995406833","https://openalex.org/W1995541505","https://openalex.org/W1998162823","https://openalex.org/W1998882611","https://openalex.org/W2001165382","https://openalex.org/W2001771208","https://openalex.org/W2003632578","https://openalex.org/W2004265113","https://openalex.org/W2004497314","https://openalex.org/W2005556373","https://openalex.org/W2005973904","https://openalex.org/W2006913607","https://openalex.org/W2008572707","https://openalex.org/W2009094440","https://openalex.org/W2009313068","https://openalex.org/W2010856555","https://openalex.org/W2013553361","https://openalex.org/W2014409743","https://openalex.org/W2014509030","https://openalex.org/W2014816725","https://openalex.org/W2015006907","https://openalex.org/W2016031138","https://openalex.org/W2016106057","https://openalex.org/W2022211683","https://openalex.org/W2023493441","https://openalex.org/W2024921403","https://openalex.org/W2026199311","https://openalex.org/W2027074641","https://openalex.org/W2027214712","https://openalex.org/W2027423681","https://openalex.org/W2027672471","https://openalex.org/W2028575871","https://openalex.org/W2029244603","https://openalex.org/W2029920100","https://openalex.org/W2030617758","https://openalex.org/W2030852700","https://openalex.org/W2035300438","https://openalex.org/W2036630316","https://openalex.org/W2037364097","https://openalex.org/W2038159755","https://openalex.org/W2039799329","https://openalex.org/W2039895049","https://openalex.org/W2040216184","https://openalex.org/W2042738663","https://openalex.org/W2043033382","https://openalex.org/W2046715863","https://openalex.org/W2047922947","https://openalex.org/W2048549412","https://openalex.org/W2048949690","https://openalex.org/W2048963082","https://openalex.org/W2049263585","https://openalex.org/W2050742638","https://openalex.org/W2051433753","https://openalex.org/W2051773342","https://openalex.org/W2052106776","https://openalex.org/W2052176798","https://openalex.org/W2052242506","https://openalex.org/W2052768151","https://openalex.org/W2053176177","https://openalex.org/W2054160249","https://openalex.org/W2054597255","https://openalex.org/W2054710594","https://openalex.org/W2056207396","https://openalex.org/W2057038600","https://openalex.org/W2057313715","https://openalex.org/W2057547828","https://openalex.org/W2059469915","https://openalex.org/W2059942478","https://openalex.org/W2060277974","https://openalex.org/W2060370151","https://openalex.org/W2060576741","https://openalex.org/W2061315349","https://openalex.org/W2061495778","https://openalex.org/W2061831918","https://openalex.org/W2062211617","https://openalex.org/W2063087680","https://openalex.org/W2063090574","https://openalex.org/W2063190420","https://openalex.org/W2063980519","https://openalex.org/W2065808413","https://openalex.org/W2067853318","https://openalex.org/W2068305580","https://openalex.org/W2069654816","https://openalex.org/W2070258120","https://openalex.org/W2070487144","https://openalex.org/W2071117437","https://openalex.org/W2071199224","https://openalex.org/W2071239606","https://openalex.org/W2071466389","https://openalex.org/W2071725948","https://openalex.org/W2073236381","https://openalex.org/W2073436702","https://openalex.org/W2073787774","https://openalex.org/W2074014170","https://openalex.org/W2075358784","https://openalex.org/W2077357466","https://openalex.org/W2077387758","https://openalex.org/W2077593166","https://openalex.org/W2079132236","https://openalex.org/W2080565063","https://openalex.org/W2081281391","https://openalex.org/W2081651612","https://openalex.org/W2083312036","https://openalex.org/W2084899196","https://openalex.org/W2085314597","https://openalex.org/W2088353547","https://openalex.org/W2089488526","https://openalex.org/W2090020048","https://openalex.org/W2093956387","https://openalex.org/W2094917068","https://openalex.org/W2095151023","https://openalex.org/W2113285416","https://openalex.org/W2120259457","https://openalex.org/W2121053206","https://openalex.org/W2125551865","https://openalex.org/W2127855165","https://openalex.org/W2129282293","https://openalex.org/W2135872679","https://openalex.org/W2138075668","https://openalex.org/W2141032650","https://openalex.org/W2144258722","https://openalex.org/W2145833914","https://openalex.org/W2154824385","https://openalex.org/W2157254165","https://openalex.org/W2158875217","https://openalex.org/W2159297797","https://openalex.org/W2165861896","https://openalex.org/W2168342387","https://openalex.org/W2170072021","https://openalex.org/W2184819048","https://openalex.org/W2202537747","https://openalex.org/W2276608231","https://openalex.org/W2317435330","https://openalex.org/W2318399538","https://openalex.org/W2415368269","https://openalex.org/W2474603899","https://openalex.org/W2486307793","https://openalex.org/W2497252717","https://openalex.org/W2518417496","https://openalex.org/W2526947918","https://openalex.org/W2562527595","https://openalex.org/W2567657321","https://openalex.org/W2604676591","https://openalex.org/W3021448987","https://openalex.org/W3021535006"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2588264398","https://openalex.org/W2740829858","https://openalex.org/W2256119705","https://openalex.org/W2809873659","https://openalex.org/W2936819930","https://openalex.org/W2943891338","https://openalex.org/W3006104815","https://openalex.org/W2784240128","https://openalex.org/W4413191686","https://openalex.org/W7113638556"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Carbon":[0,204],"cryogel":[1,72,178],"synthesized":[2,175,189],"from":[3,86,103,138],"lignin,":[4],"ionic":[5],"liquid":[6,15],"(IL)":[7],"and":[8,46,51,75,88,96,105,109,129,143,159,185,192,230,242,256],"mixtures":[9],"of":[10,25,94,113,173,201,222,235],"liquefied":[11,144],"oil":[12],"palm":[13],"frond-ionic":[14],"(LOPF-IL),":[16],"was":[17,32,49,66,80,98,179,254],"used":[18],"as":[19,196,209],"an":[20,210],"acid":[21,27,211,215,237],"catalyst":[22,197,212],"for":[23,43,62,100,213],"esterification":[24,200,216,234],"levulinic":[26,202,214,236],"in":[28,198],"ethanol.":[29],"Commercial":[30],"lignin":[31],"reacted":[33],"with":[34,165,217],"furfural":[35,97],"via":[36],"sol-gel":[37],"poly-condensation":[38],"reaction":[39,253],"at":[40],"90":[41],"\u00b0C":[42],"30":[44],"min":[45],"the":[47,63,70,117,174,199,233,248,252],"gel":[48,64,84,92,101],"freeze-dried":[50],"finally":[52],"carbonized":[53],"or":[54],"calcined":[55],"to":[56,68],"produce":[57],"carbon":[58,71,119,136,177],"cryogel.":[59],"Parametric":[60],"study":[61,79],"preparation":[65,102],"conducted":[67],"evaluate":[69],"surface":[73,125],"area":[74,126],"acidity.":[76],"Similar":[77],"parametric":[78],"also":[81],"performed":[82],"on":[83],"synthesis":[85],"IL":[87,95],"furfural.":[89,106],"The":[90,134,170,188,225],"selected":[91,118,135],"condition":[93],"applied":[99],"LOPF-IL":[104],"Nitrogen":[107],"physisorption":[108],"temperature":[110],"programmed":[111],"desorption":[112],"ammonia":[114],"measurements":[115],"revealed":[116,232],"cryogels":[120,137,205],"obtained":[121],"a":[122],"large":[123],"total":[124],"(>200":[127],"m2/g)":[128],"high":[130,207],"acidity":[131],"(>10":[132],"mmol/g).":[133],"lignin-furfural":[139],"(CCLF),":[140],"IL-furfural":[141],"(CCIL)":[142],"OPF-IL-furfural":[145],"(CCOPF)":[146],"were":[147,194],"further":[148],"characterized":[149],"using":[150,228],"thermogravimetric":[151],"analyzer,":[152],"Fourier":[153],"transform":[154],"infrared":[155],"spectroscopy,":[156],"x-ray":[157,168],"diffraction":[158],"field":[160],"emission":[161],"scanning":[162],"electron":[163],"microscopy":[164],"energy":[166],"dispersive":[167],"spectrometry.":[169],"phase":[171],"structure":[172],"spherical":[176],"amorphous,":[180],"has":[181],"micro":[182],"structures":[183],"(microspheres)":[184],"thermally":[186],"stable.":[187],"CCLF,":[190],"CCIL":[191,231],"CCOPF":[193],"tested":[195],"acid.":[203],"showed":[206],"potential":[208],"above":[218],"70.0":[219],"mol.%":[220],"yield":[221],"ethyl":[223],"levulinate.":[224],"kinetic":[226],"studies":[227],"CCLF":[229],"followed":[238],"pseudo-first":[239],"order":[240],"kinetics":[241],"have":[243],"low":[244],"activation":[245],"energy.":[246],"Meanwhile,":[247],"thermodynamic":[249],"parameters":[250],"conferred":[251],"endergonic":[255],"more":[257],"ordered.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T04:12:42.849631","created_date":"2019-10-18T00:00:00"}
