{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2979356331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905819116","title":"Shorter distances between papers over time are due to more cross-field references and increased citation rate to higher-impact papers","display_name":"Shorter distances between papers over time are due to more cross-field references and increased citation rate to higher-impact papers","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2979356331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905819116","mag":"2979356331","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31611374","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6825301"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1905819116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905819116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905819116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6825301","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073280788","display_name":"Attila Varga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8913-4616","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8913-4616"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Attila Varga","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Sociology, College of Social &amp; Behavioral Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0027"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Sociology, College of Social &amp; Behavioral Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0027","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073280788"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2442,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9027642,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"116","issue":"44","first_page":"22094","last_page":"22099"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13976","display_name":"Web visibility and informetrics","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation-networks","display_name":"citation networks","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interdisciplinary-integration","display_name":"interdisciplinary integration","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-impact-papers","display_name":"high-impact papers","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation-inequality","display_name":"citation inequality","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-clustering","display_name":"network clustering","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scholarly-communication","display_name":"scholarly communication","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation-growth","display_name":"citation growth","score":0.3889999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.7355258464813232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6292977333068848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46894997358322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780600066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239828","display_name":"Preferential attachment","level":3,"score":0.46284931898117065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.45327532291412354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.45015615224838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778793908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5122404","display_name":"Citation impact","level":3,"score":0.43756014108657837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.4225372076034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41699856519699097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.24725893139839172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2290799915790558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34947359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189","display_name":"Complex network","level":2,"score":0.2073432207107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1757468581199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14385318756103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10516875982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D010506","descriptor_name":"Periodicals as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011643","descriptor_name":"Publishing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015706","descriptor_name":"Bibliometrics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D033183","descriptor_name":"Interdisciplinary Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055811","descriptor_name":"Journal Impact Factor","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1905819116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905819116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905819116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6098084","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6825301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6825301","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6825301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:31611374","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31611374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1911.04548","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.04548","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.04548","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nas:journl:v:116:y:2019:p:22094-22099","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.pnas.org/content/116/44/22094.full","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.04548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1911.04548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1911.04548","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6098084","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6825301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W580048775","https://openalex.org/W1546171873","https://openalex.org/W1728984519","https://openalex.org/W1787605394","https://openalex.org/W1887814245","https://openalex.org/W1907286193","https://openalex.org/W1965582716","https://openalex.org/W1965631677","https://openalex.org/W1982350468","https://openalex.org/W1993983462","https://openalex.org/W2003568759","https://openalex.org/W2005311637","https://openalex.org/W2031055067","https://openalex.org/W2040284010","https://openalex.org/W2048002078","https://openalex.org/W2048250974","https://openalex.org/W2057954853","https://openalex.org/W2062021443","https://openalex.org/W2065769502","https://openalex.org/W2066752129","https://openalex.org/W2070405287","https://openalex.org/W2072002353","https://openalex.org/W2087238585","https://openalex.org/W2096523843","https://openalex.org/W2112090702","https://openalex.org/W2128525455","https://openalex.org/W2138260574","https://openalex.org/W2140142630","https://openalex.org/W2160441315","https://openalex.org/W2166898957","https://openalex.org/W2192866431","https://openalex.org/W2333995929","https://openalex.org/W2414224358","https://openalex.org/W2591659376","https://openalex.org/W2796591603","https://openalex.org/W2892090532","https://openalex.org/W2894374770","https://openalex.org/W3103071483","https://openalex.org/W4236779576","https://openalex.org/W4250378069","https://openalex.org/W4255497883","https://openalex.org/W4298058862"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3085227949","https://openalex.org/W7212030721","https://openalex.org/W3099355689","https://openalex.org/W7214248461","https://openalex.org/W2087238585","https://openalex.org/W2043123562","https://openalex.org/W2765297893","https://openalex.org/W2891629907","https://openalex.org/W4404552601","https://openalex.org/W7018667736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,79,216],"exponential":[1],"increase":[2],"in":[3,86,126,149,165,174,213],"the":[4,10,14,27,48,57,87,105,111,117,127,144,150,162,166,175,178],"number":[5,151],"of":[6,12,51,56,62,72,107,120,152,180,195,197,208],"scientific":[7],"publications":[8],"raises":[9],"question":[11],"whether":[13],"sciences":[15],"are":[16],"expanding":[17],"into":[18],"a":[19,160,192,205],"fractured":[20],"structure,":[21],"making":[22],"cross-field":[23,108,202],"communication":[24,109,223],"difficult.":[25],"On":[26],"other":[28],"hand,":[29],"scientists":[30],"may":[31,46],"be":[32],"motivated":[33],"to":[34,39,93,104,123],"learn":[35],"extensively":[36],"across":[37],"fields":[38,71,183,229],"enhance":[40],"their":[41],"innovative":[42],"capacity,":[43],"and":[44,60,98,201],"this":[45,66,134],"offset":[47],"negative":[49],"effects":[50],"fragmentation.":[52],"Through":[53],"an":[54],"investigation":[55],"distances":[58,137],"within":[59],"clustering":[61,196,211],"cross-sectional":[63],"citation":[64,81],"networks,":[65],"study":[67],"presents":[68],"evidence":[69],"that":[70,220,230],"science":[73],"become":[74],"more":[75,169],"integrated":[76],"over":[77],"time.":[78],"average":[80],"distance":[82],"between":[83,96,139,182],"papers":[84,122,156,172],"published":[85],"same":[88,128],"year":[89],"decreased":[90,138],"from":[91],"\u223c5.33":[92],"3.18":[94],"steps":[95],"1950":[97],"2018.":[99],"This":[100],"observation":[101],"is":[102,224],"attributed":[103],"growth":[106],"throughout":[110,143],"entire":[112],"period":[113],"as":[114,116,159],"well":[115],"growing":[118,210],"importance":[119],"high-impact":[121,171],"bridge":[124],"networks":[125],"year.":[129],"Three":[130],"empirical":[131],"findings":[132,218],"support":[133],"conclusion.":[135],"First,":[136],"almost":[140],"all":[141,214],"disciplines":[142],"time":[145],"period.":[146,176],"Second,":[147],"inequality":[148],"citations":[153,203],"received":[154],"by":[155,227],"increased,":[157],"and,":[158],"consequence,":[161],"shortest":[163],"paths":[164],"network":[167],"depend":[168],"on":[170],"later":[173],"Third,":[177],"dispersion":[179],"connections":[181],"increased":[184],"continually.":[185],"Moreover,":[186],"these":[187],"changes":[188],"did":[189],"not":[190],"entail":[191],"lower":[193],"level":[194],"citations.":[198],"Both":[199],"within-":[200],"show":[204],"similar":[206],"rate":[207],"slowly":[209],"values":[212],"years.":[215],"latter":[217],"suggest":[219],"domain-spanning":[221],"scholarly":[222],"partly":[225],"enabled":[226],"new":[228],"connect":[231],"disciplines.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2019-10-18T00:00:00"}
