{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2976360289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08957347.2019.1660348","title":"Are Multiple-choice Items Too Fat?","display_name":"Are Multiple-choice Items Too Fat?","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2976360289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08957347.2019.1660348","mag":"2976360289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08957347.2019.1660348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08957347.2019.1660348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08957347.2019.1660348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2940672","display_name":"Applied Measurement in Education","issn_l":"0895-7347","issn":["0895-7347","1532-4818"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Measurement in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058266085","display_name":"Thomas M. Haladyna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3761-6979","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3761-6979"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas M. Haladyna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046721504","display_name":"Michael C. Rodriguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4396-8551","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4396-8551"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael C. Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Craig Stevens","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293309919","display_name":"National Board of Medical Examiners","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsmra86","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig Stevens","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Board of Medical Examiners"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Board of Medical Examiners","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058266085"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2221,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92038781,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"4","first_page":"350","last_page":"364"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.7860999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.7860999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.19059999287128448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.005499999970197678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-choice-questions","display_name":"multiple-choice questions","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/number-of-response-options","display_name":"number of response options","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-coverage","display_name":"content coverage","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-item-quality","display_name":"test item quality","score":0.5609999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75795011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917904","display_name":"Typology","level":2,"score":0.7660940885543823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780530410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18349222","display_name":"Credentialing","level":2,"score":0.7033284306526184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6736329793930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5484748482704163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176730311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867668","display_name":"Multiple choice","level":3,"score":0.5114721059799194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018989441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640","display_name":"Quality of evidence","level":3,"score":0.47173774242401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19875794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207340","display_name":"Item response theory","level":3,"score":0.4538031220436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.44934332370758057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4391363263130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.389018714427948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.36532777547836304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3588200509548187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.32396799325942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.2033078968524933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.2021683156490326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.19731348752975464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15316900610923767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.14335742592811584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08520027995109558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07507115602493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018023364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Significant difference","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08957347.2019.1660348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08957347.2019.1660348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08957347.2019.1660348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2940672","display_name":"Applied Measurement in Education","issn_l":"0895-7347","issn":["0895-7347","1532-4818"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Measurement in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4156000018119812,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W78974329","https://openalex.org/W376379408","https://openalex.org/W1510713098","https://openalex.org/W1529577912","https://openalex.org/W1966763281","https://openalex.org/W1975764044","https://openalex.org/W1984386116","https://openalex.org/W1989877290","https://openalex.org/W1992177658","https://openalex.org/W1995794567","https://openalex.org/W2001328500","https://openalex.org/W2001857487","https://openalex.org/W2009186141","https://openalex.org/W2009814296","https://openalex.org/W2015009929","https://openalex.org/W2024833058","https://openalex.org/W2028121787","https://openalex.org/W2047057481","https://openalex.org/W2048385875","https://openalex.org/W2052874614","https://openalex.org/W2059578454","https://openalex.org/W2074891565","https://openalex.org/W2091897869","https://openalex.org/W2122355910","https://openalex.org/W2132828933","https://openalex.org/W2135585801","https://openalex.org/W2137103790","https://openalex.org/W2144647481","https://openalex.org/W2153382200","https://openalex.org/W2155529819","https://openalex.org/W2162360440","https://openalex.org/W2164445896","https://openalex.org/W2175510808","https://openalex.org/W2405208232","https://openalex.org/W2522231945","https://openalex.org/W2760364374","https://openalex.org/W2898338587","https://openalex.org/W2982473346","https://openalex.org/W4214756639","https://openalex.org/W4235804637","https://openalex.org/W4239166053","https://openalex.org/W4249325938","https://openalex.org/W4387861805","https://openalex.org/W4388010917","https://openalex.org/W4388454404"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995794567","https://openalex.org/W1966763281","https://openalex.org/W2736647929","https://openalex.org/W3092153923","https://openalex.org/W2898338587","https://openalex.org/W2018364638","https://openalex.org/W6963082263","https://openalex.org/W2760364374","https://openalex.org/W1982010143","https://openalex.org/W153072463"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,58,64],"evidence":[1,59],"is":[2],"mounting":[3],"regarding":[4],"the":[5],"guidance":[6],"to":[7,40],"employ":[8],"more":[9,35],"three-option":[10],"multiple-choice":[11],"items.":[12],"From":[13],"theoretical":[14],"analyses,":[15],"empirical":[16],"results,":[17],"and":[18,34,55,71],"practical":[19],"considerations,":[20],"such":[21],"items":[22,36,76],"are":[23],"of":[24,75],"equal":[25],"or":[26,31],"higher":[27],"quality":[28],"than":[29],"four-":[30],"five-option":[32],"items,":[33],"can":[37],"be":[38],"administered":[39],"improve":[41],"content":[42],"coverage.":[43],"This":[44],"study":[45],"looks":[46],"at":[47],"58":[48],"tests,":[49],"including":[50],"state":[51],"achievement,":[52],"college":[53],"readiness,":[54],"credentialing":[56],"tests.":[57],"here":[60],"supports":[61],"previous":[62],"assertions.":[63],"article":[65],"also":[66],"clarifies":[67],"distractor":[68,78],"functioning":[69],"criteria":[70],"offers":[72],"a":[73],"typology":[74],"via":[77],"functioning.":[79]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2019-10-03T00:00:00"}