{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2974580918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevphyseducres.15.020128","title":"Validation and administration of a conceptual survey on the formalism and postulates of quantum mechanics","display_name":"Validation and administration of a conceptual survey on the formalism and postulates of quantum mechanics","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2974580918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevphyseducres.15.020128","mag":"2974580918"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.15.020128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevphyseducres.15.020128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevphyseducres.15.020128","pdf_url":"http://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.15.020128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190682","display_name":"Physical Review Physics Education Research","issn_l":"2469-9896","issn":["2469-9896"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Physics Education Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.15.020128","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063613765","display_name":"Emily Marshman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3962-5270","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3962-5270"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140491907","display_name":"Community College of Allegheny County","ror":"https://ror.org/044n8q784","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140491907"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Marshman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Community College of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, 15212 Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Community College of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, 15212 Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140491907"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018378490","display_name":"Chandralekha Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1234-5458","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1234-5458"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandralekha Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260 Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260 Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2000},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2000},"fwci":15.5149,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98950439,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.8925999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.8925999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12931","display_name":"Educational Methods and Outcomes","score":0.031700000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11526","display_name":"Innovative Teaching Methods","score":0.016200000420212746,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics-education","display_name":"quantum mechanics education","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dirac-notation","display_name":"Dirac notation","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hilbert-spaces","display_name":"Hilbert spaces","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hermitian-operators","display_name":"Hermitian operators","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-measurement","display_name":"quantum measurement","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spin-angular-momentum","display_name":"spin angular momentum","score":0.8240000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73301696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469984","display_name":"Formalism (music)","level":3,"score":0.49915313720703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.42404043674468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.4218548536300659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.34461531043052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31923866271972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.29148799180984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.15.020128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevphyseducres.15.020128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevphyseducres.15.020128","pdf_url":"http://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.15.020128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190682","display_name":"Physical Review Physics Education Research","issn_l":"2469-9896","issn":["2469-9896"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Physics Education Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2006.04030","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.04030","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.04030","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4278f58c5c9b44aeb404e5e1b5b560f9","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4278f58c5c9b44aeb404e5e1b5b560f9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Physics Education Research, Vol 15, Iss 2, p 020128 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.04030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2006.04030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2006.04030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.15.020128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevphyseducres.15.020128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevphyseducres.15.020128","pdf_url":"http://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.15.020128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190682","display_name":"Physical Review Physics Education Research","issn_l":"2469-9896","issn":["2469-9896"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Physics Education Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G206110301","display_name":"Improving Student Understanding of Quantum Mechanics via Research","funder_award_id":"1806691","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2974580918.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2974580918.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494268474","https://openalex.org/W1539946053","https://openalex.org/W1542576310","https://openalex.org/W1648065049","https://openalex.org/W1676180097","https://openalex.org/W1779701258","https://openalex.org/W1964983449","https://openalex.org/W1967555382","https://openalex.org/W1970987573","https://openalex.org/W1979138869","https://openalex.org/W1984748091","https://openalex.org/W1985532472","https://openalex.org/W1985858077","https://openalex.org/W1987750830","https://openalex.org/W1988228381","https://openalex.org/W1989017401","https://openalex.org/W1994895423","https://openalex.org/W1994931335","https://openalex.org/W2000689010","https://openalex.org/W2001439578","https://openalex.org/W2008302091","https://openalex.org/W2020531031","https://openalex.org/W2021116105","https://openalex.org/W2030789254","https://openalex.org/W2032192948","https://openalex.org/W2035354644","https://openalex.org/W2039126886","https://openalex.org/W2041596263","https://openalex.org/W2045997578","https://openalex.org/W2051659059","https://openalex.org/W2054989568","https://openalex.org/W2065844961","https://openalex.org/W2066453504","https://openalex.org/W2070132786","https://openalex.org/W2070730446","https://openalex.org/W2079618132","https://openalex.org/W2083238333","https://openalex.org/W2083384684","https://openalex.org/W2084237531","https://openalex.org/W2085526578","https://openalex.org/W2088007521","https://openalex.org/W2089159932","https://openalex.org/W2092239230","https://openalex.org/W2094488128","https://openalex.org/W2105426685","https://openalex.org/W2119283533","https://openalex.org/W2130736705","https://openalex.org/W2131442425","https://openalex.org/W2149617571","https://openalex.org/W2158660060","https://openalex.org/W2208058117","https://openalex.org/W2226256854","https://openalex.org/W2253778248","https://openalex.org/W2256814204","https://openalex.org/W2280851440","https://openalex.org/W2281088897","https://openalex.org/W2286120310","https://openalex.org/W2467848711","https://openalex.org/W2501807756","https://openalex.org/W2532859354","https://openalex.org/W2562106596","https://openalex.org/W2565164669","https://openalex.org/W2566820382","https://openalex.org/W2587166838","https://openalex.org/W2592542642","https://openalex.org/W2605906528","https://openalex.org/W2606106952","https://openalex.org/W2613109960","https://openalex.org/W2755960068","https://openalex.org/W2759669572","https://openalex.org/W2790384086","https://openalex.org/W2792511409","https://openalex.org/W2801556821","https://openalex.org/W2911875926","https://openalex.org/W2916993067","https://openalex.org/W2946043243","https://openalex.org/W2950219615","https://openalex.org/W2950950999","https://openalex.org/W2984690612","https://openalex.org/W2999554937","https://openalex.org/W3098005853","https://openalex.org/W3100705068","https://openalex.org/W3100920994","https://openalex.org/W3102207737","https://openalex.org/W3103646176","https://openalex.org/W3103794693","https://openalex.org/W3105266754","https://openalex.org/W4298382907"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7042960445","https://openalex.org/W3098005853","https://openalex.org/W1964983449","https://openalex.org/W4296064747","https://openalex.org/W2948422169","https://openalex.org/W7070978015","https://openalex.org/W822272392","https://openalex.org/W2052838094","https://openalex.org/W2035354644","https://openalex.org/W2611733746"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"developed":[1],"and":[2,12,31,46,52,62,65,73,87,96,134,142,249,282,294,308],"validated":[3,267],"a":[4,101,145,196,219,302],"conceptual":[5],"survey":[6,33,120],"that":[7,116,163,172],"focuses":[8],"on":[9,36,188,210,256,265],"the":[10,27,39,71,76,106,132,140,165,169,189,192,205,215,229,235,238,257,261,266,276,286,306],"formalism":[11,30,133,293,307],"postulates":[13,135,295,309],"of":[14,59,75,108,131,136,144,195,207,218,231,237,241,278,305,310],"quantum":[15,21,28,55,60,113,137,147,160,201,222,244,292,311],"mechanics":[16,22,29,114,138,148,161,202,223,245],"covered":[17],"in":[18,26,110,168,214,274,296],"upper-level":[19,85],"undergraduate":[20,86,112,159,173,232,243,248],"courses.The":[23],"concepts":[24],"included":[25,167],"postulate":[32],"(QMFPS)":[34],"focus":[35],"Dirac":[37],"notation,":[38],"Hilbert":[40],"space,":[41],"state":[42],"vectors,":[43],"physical":[44],"observables":[45],"their":[47,279,288],"corresponding":[48],"Hermitian":[49],"operators,":[50],"compatible":[51],"incompatible":[53],"observables,":[54],"measurement,":[56],"time":[57],"dependence":[58],"states":[61],"expectation":[63],"values,":[64],"spin":[66],"angular":[67],"momenta.Here":[68],"we":[69],"describe":[70],"validation":[72],"administration":[74],"survey,":[77],"which":[78],"has":[79],"been":[80],"administered":[81],"to":[82,104,127,155,298],"over":[83],"400":[84],"graduate":[88,146,151,208,250],"students":[89,152,174,184,209,233,251,289,300],"from":[90],"six":[91],"institutions.The":[92],"QMFPS":[93,190,211,268],"is":[94],"valid":[95],"reliable":[97],"for":[98],"use":[99],"as":[100],"low-stakes":[102],"test":[103],"measure":[105],"effectiveness":[107,277],"instruction":[109,213],"an":[111,158,242],"course":[115,149,162,224],"covers":[117,164],"relevant":[118],"content.The":[119],"can":[121,271],"also":[122],"be":[123],"used":[124],"by":[125],"instructors":[126,273],"identify":[128,285],"students'":[129],"understanding":[130],"at":[139,234],"beginning":[141],"end":[143,236],"since":[150],"are":[153],"expected":[154],"have":[156,290],"taken":[157],"content":[166],"survey.We":[170],"found":[171],"who":[175,185],"engaged":[176],"with":[177,253,260,291],"research-validated":[178],"learning":[179],"tools":[180],"performed":[181],"better":[182,227],"than":[183,228],"did":[186],"not":[187],"after":[191,212],"first":[193,216,239],"semester":[194,217,240],"junior":[197],"or":[198],"senior":[199],"level":[200],"course.In":[203],"addition,":[204],"performance":[206,230],"core":[220],"graduate-level":[221],"was":[225],"significantly":[226],"course.However,":[246],"both":[247],"struggled":[252],"many":[254],"questions":[255],"QMFPS.A":[258],"comparison":[259],"base":[262],"line":[263],"data":[264],"presented":[269],"here":[270],"aid":[272],"assessing":[275],"instructional":[280],"approaches":[281],"help":[283,299],"them":[284],"difficulties":[287],"order":[297],"develop":[301],"solid":[303],"grasp":[304],"mechanics.":[312]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2019-09-26T00:00:00"}