{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2971622993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0311-0","title":"Quantification of textual comprehension difficulty with an information theory-based algorithm","display_name":"Quantification of textual comprehension difficulty with an information theory-based algorithm","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2971622993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0311-0","mag":"2971622993"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1057/s41599-019-0311-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0311-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0311-0","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-019-0311-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206302","display_name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","issn_l":"2055-1045","issn":["2055-1045","2662-9992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319702","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319702","https://openalex.org/P4310319964"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Macmillan Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Palgrave Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-019-0311-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009434113","display_name":"Louise Bog\u00e9a Ribeiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5928-2407","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5928-2407"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59606676","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/03q9sr818","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louise Bog\u00e9a Ribeiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Contemporary Art Museum, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil","Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil","Contemporary Art Museum, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Brazil","Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Contemporary Art Museum, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Contemporary Art Museum, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101039404","display_name":"Anderson Raiol Rodrigues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3115-7903","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3115-7903"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59606676","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/03q9sr818","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anderson Raiol Rodrigues","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil","Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil","Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Brazil","Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033437181","display_name":"Kau\u00ea Machado Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5562-6495","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5562-6495"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327069482","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I1327069482"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kau\u00ea Machado Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5562-6495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I1327069482"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111452677","display_name":"Manoel da Silva Filho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9589-8527","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9589-8527"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59606676","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/03q9sr818","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manoel da Silva Filho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil","Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111452677"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"],"apc_list":{"value":1180,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1180},"apc_paid":{"value":1180,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1180},"fwci":2.5746,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.905199,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.015599999576807022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/textual-comprehension","display_name":"textual comprehension","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shannon-entropy","display_name":"Shannon entropy","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-frequency","display_name":"word frequency","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-familiarity","display_name":"word familiarity","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-decoding","display_name":"semantic decoding","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension-assessment","display_name":"reading comprehension assessment","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-materials-development","display_name":"instructional materials development","score":0.35499998927116394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.7656733989715576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7446448802947998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6930583715438843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5851840376853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.5693223476409912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121934690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1084","display_name":"Noun","level":2,"score":0.5623952746391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9679016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417473","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","level":2,"score":0.5278408527374268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4919168949127197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.448879212141037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35219183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5146","display_name":"Portuguese","level":2,"score":0.4293978214263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.41172608733177185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1057/s41599-019-0311-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0311-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0311-0","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-019-0311-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206302","display_name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","issn_l":"2055-1045","issn":["2055-1045","2662-9992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319702","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319702","https://openalex.org/P4310319964"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Macmillan Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Palgrave Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pal:palcom:v:5:y:2019:i:1:d:10.1057_s41599-019-0311-0","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1057/s41599-019-0311-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4a013b1bcc7540ecb252f3b4dbb5918d","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4a013b1bcc7540ecb252f3b4dbb5918d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Palgrave Communications, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1057/s41599-019-0311-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0311-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0311-0","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-019-0311-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206302","display_name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","issn_l":"2055-1045","issn":["2055-1045","2662-9992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319702","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319702","https://openalex.org/P4310319964"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Macmillan Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Palgrave Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324376","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/03q9sr818"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971622993.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971622993.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38049258","https://openalex.org/W560289989","https://openalex.org/W642783518","https://openalex.org/W1482986122","https://openalex.org/W1594031697","https://openalex.org/W1604188556","https://openalex.org/W1617429671","https://openalex.org/W1967449835","https://openalex.org/W1993131124","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W1998109486","https://openalex.org/W2018869336","https://openalex.org/W2035112785","https://openalex.org/W2060022568","https://openalex.org/W2061630706","https://openalex.org/W2081394603","https://openalex.org/W2084829927","https://openalex.org/W2100506586","https://openalex.org/W2108728383","https://openalex.org/W2122761220","https://openalex.org/W2123362148","https://openalex.org/W2133249991","https://openalex.org/W2158307805","https://openalex.org/W2164817788","https://openalex.org/W2170744473","https://openalex.org/W2252107166","https://openalex.org/W2330210193","https://openalex.org/W2333314533","https://openalex.org/W2401701515","https://openalex.org/W2471218409","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W2597284991","https://openalex.org/W2601349024","https://openalex.org/W2797532987","https://openalex.org/W2900783381","https://openalex.org/W2908575125","https://openalex.org/W4296300796","https://openalex.org/W4297957988","https://openalex.org/W4302437350"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2807491208","https://openalex.org/W2132094384","https://openalex.org/W7058063416","https://openalex.org/W7095542152","https://openalex.org/W2965429674","https://openalex.org/W4391585125","https://openalex.org/W7123305289","https://openalex.org/W2059632054","https://openalex.org/W2036367260","https://openalex.org/W1967330500"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Textual":[1,12],"comprehension":[2,13,44,178],"is":[3,15,57],"often":[4],"not":[5],"adequately":[6],"acquired":[7],"despite":[8],"intense":[9],"didactic":[10],"efforts.":[11],"quality":[14],"mostly":[16],"evaluated":[17],"using":[18,84],"subjective":[19],"criteria.":[20],"Starting":[21],"from":[22,78],"the":[23,34,97,103,111,159,183,189],"assumption":[24],"that":[25,42,96,158],"word":[26,71],"usage":[27],"statistics":[28],"may":[29,164],"be":[30,171],"used":[31],"to":[32,61,88,166],"infer":[33,89],"probability":[35,51],"of":[36,54,76,91,102,114,185,191],"successful":[37],"semantic":[38,123],"representations,":[39],"we":[40],"hypothesized":[41],"textual":[43,92,177],"depended":[45],"on":[46,145],"words":[47,77,109],"with":[48,110],"high":[49],"occurrence":[50],"(high":[52],"degree":[53],"familiarity),":[55],"which":[56],"typically":[58],"inversely":[59],"proportional":[60],"their":[62],"information":[63,85],"entropy.":[64],"We":[65,94,129,156],"tested":[66,143],"this":[67],"hypothesis":[68],"by":[69,107],"quantifying":[70],"occurrences":[72],"in":[73],"a":[74,172],"bank":[75],"Portuguese":[79],"language":[80],"academic":[81],"theses":[82],"and":[83,99,119,127,142,154,169,180],"theory":[86],"tools":[87],"degrees":[90],"familiarity.":[93],"found":[95],"lower":[98],"upper":[100],"bounds":[101],"database":[104],"were":[105],"delimited":[106],"low-entropy":[108],"highest":[112],"probabilities":[113],"causing":[115],"incomprehension":[116],"(i.e.,":[117,125],"nouns":[118],"adjectives)":[120],"or":[121,188],"facilitating":[122],"decoding":[124],"prepositions":[126],"conjunctions).":[128],"developed":[130],"an":[131],"openly":[132],"available":[133,147],"software":[134],"suite":[135],"called":[136],"CalcuLetra":[137],"for":[138,174],"implementing":[139],"these":[140],"algorithms":[141],"it":[144],"publicly":[146],"denotative":[148],"text":[149],"samples":[150],"(e.g.,":[151],"articles,":[152],"essays,":[153],"abstracts).":[155],"propose":[157],"quantitative":[160],"model":[161],"presented":[162],"here":[163],"apply":[165],"other":[167],"languages":[168],"could":[170],"tool":[173],"supporting":[175],"automated":[176],"evaluations,":[179],"potentially":[181],"assisting":[182],"development":[184],"teaching":[186],"materials":[187],"diagnosis":[190],"learning":[192],"disorders.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2019-09-12T00:00:00"}
