{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2970730657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2019.202","title":"Import Substitution and/or Export Orientation: the Case of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry","display_name":"Import Substitution and/or Export Orientation: the Case of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2970730657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2019.202","mag":"2970730657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21638/spbu05.2019.202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2019.202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2019.202","pdf_url":"https://economicsjournal.spbu.ru/article/download/5460/4497","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225395","display_name":"St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies","issn_l":"1026-356X","issn":["1026-356X","2542-226X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312746","host_organization_name":"Saint Petersburg State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312746"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Saint Petersburg State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://economicsjournal.spbu.ru/article/download/5460/4497","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110732917","display_name":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0672-8097","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0672-8097"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172901346","display_name":"St Petersburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/023znxa73","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172901346"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maryana A. Gubina","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, 199034, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0431., 7\u20139"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, 199034, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0431., 7\u20139","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172901346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110732917"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172901346"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5973,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77888932,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"2","first_page":"197","last_page":"222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.5648999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.5648999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13894","display_name":"Indian Economic and Social Development","score":0.29319998621940613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13057","display_name":"Asian Industrial and Economic Development","score":0.06939999759197235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/import-substitution","display_name":"import substitution","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/export-orientation","display_name":"export orientation","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indian-pharmaceutical-industry","display_name":"Indian pharmaceutical industry","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generic-drugs","display_name":"generic drugs","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hatch-waxman-act","display_name":"Hatch-Waxman Act","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-expiration","display_name":"patent expiry","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-policy","display_name":"industrial policy","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitive-differentiation","display_name":"competitive differentiation","score":0.4959999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778220771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1522579","display_name":"Substitution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.8557837009429932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5295408964157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.5166007280349731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.5036389231681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779652045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507443","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry","level":2,"score":0.4950065016746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.4147800803184509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.4020419716835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.31342387199401855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14409038424491882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.11321896314620972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.07597637176513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06858837604522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21638/spbu05.2019.202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2019.202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2019.202","pdf_url":"https://economicsjournal.spbu.ru/article/download/5460/4497","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225395","display_name":"St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies","issn_l":"1026-356X","issn":["1026-356X","2542-226X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312746","host_organization_name":"Saint Petersburg State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312746"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Saint Petersburg State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.spbu.ru:11701/15986","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11701/15986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402062","display_name":"Research Repository Saint Petersburg State University (Saint Petersburg State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172901346","host_organization_name":"St Petersburg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172901346"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21638/spbu05.2019.202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2019.202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2019.202","pdf_url":"https://economicsjournal.spbu.ru/article/download/5460/4497","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225395","display_name":"St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies","issn_l":"1026-356X","issn":["1026-356X","2542-226X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312746","host_organization_name":"Saint Petersburg State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312746"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Saint Petersburg State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5260000228881836,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970730657.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970730657.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116791484","https://openalex.org/W1490995146","https://openalex.org/W1541344205","https://openalex.org/W1555975684","https://openalex.org/W1568620192","https://openalex.org/W1593922125","https://openalex.org/W1601891934","https://openalex.org/W2010617668","https://openalex.org/W2043616020","https://openalex.org/W2044337921","https://openalex.org/W2049609794","https://openalex.org/W2066573454","https://openalex.org/W2095478231","https://openalex.org/W2169285633","https://openalex.org/W2309944409","https://openalex.org/W2480645105","https://openalex.org/W2811414570","https://openalex.org/W4289252989","https://openalex.org/W4300027751"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7034157362","https://openalex.org/W2325450769","https://openalex.org/W3121837812","https://openalex.org/W4280602745","https://openalex.org/W3158950836","https://openalex.org/W2597696965","https://openalex.org/W1978799249","https://openalex.org/W2952030293","https://openalex.org/W4396584589","https://openalex.org/W2181484385"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1,200],"is":[2,21,196,203,211,216],"devoted":[3],"to":[4,37,52,85,145,149,177],"Indian":[5,79,93,100,142,170,175],"experience":[6],"of":[7,73,89,108,116,127,130,206],"catch-up":[8,74],"development":[9,17,75],"strategy":[10],"implementation":[11],"in":[12,18,78,92,154,163,223],"the":[13,30,44,60,64,135,155,181,207,224],"pharmaceutical":[14,80,94],"industry.":[15,95],"Economic":[16],"various":[19],"countries":[20],"sometimes":[22],"based":[23],"upon":[24],"import":[25,117,208],"substitution":[26,118,209],"system.":[27],"But":[28],"for":[29],"officially":[31],"supported":[32],"programs,":[33],"production":[34],"sectors":[35],"used":[36],"demonstrate":[38],"low":[39],"competitiveness":[40],"(or":[41],"worse).":[42],"On":[43],"other":[45,199],"hand,":[46],"alternative":[47],"industrial":[48],"strategies":[49],"(export-orientation)":[50],"tend":[51],"be":[53],"resulting":[54],"considerable":[55],"performance":[56],"and":[57,110,119,122,157,173,221],"promotion":[58],"on":[59,134,180],"global":[61],"market.":[62,184],"So,":[63],"following":[65],"issues":[66],"have":[67],"attracted":[68],"our":[69],"attention:":[70],"1)":[71],"effects":[72],"policy":[76,195,215],"enforcement":[77],"industry":[81],"(from":[82],"1947":[83],"up":[84],"now);":[86],"2)":[87],"identification":[88],"competitive":[90],"differentiators":[91],"The":[96,198],"research":[97],"showed":[98],"that":[99,138,193,204],"pharmaceutics":[101],"success":[102],"had":[103,139],"been":[104],"determined":[105],"by":[106,160],"combination":[107],"external":[109],"internal":[111],"factors:":[112],"a":[113],"wide":[114],"range":[115],"export-oriented":[120],"tools":[121],"activities":[123],"(internal":[124],"factors);":[125],"forfeiture":[126],"patent":[128],"rights":[129],"leading":[131,178],"medical":[132],"products":[133],"international":[136],"market":[137],"encouraged":[140],"some":[141],"medicine":[143],"manufacturers":[144],"advance;":[146],"essential":[147],"need":[148],"control":[150],"increasing":[151],"drug":[152],"expenditures":[153],"USA":[156],"regulations":[158],"established":[159],"Hatch-Waxman":[161],"Act":[162],"1984":[164],"(external":[165],"factors).":[166],"Those":[167],"factors":[168],"facilitated":[169],"generics":[171],"expansion":[172],"brought":[174],"companies":[176],"positions":[179],"American":[182],"generic":[183],"Top-priority":[185],"industries":[186],"can":[187],"yield":[188],"huge":[189],"dividends":[190],"eventually":[191],"provided":[192],"state-backed":[194],"pursued.":[197],"worth":[201],"mentioning":[202],"effect":[205],"activity":[210],"time":[212],"limited.":[213],"Export-oriented":[214],"recognized":[217],"as":[218],"more":[219],"productive":[220],"profitable":[222],"long":[225],"run.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2019-09-05T00:00:00"}