{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2970726005","doi":null,"title":"Experimental study of backdraught using solid fuels","display_name":"Experimental study of backdraught using solid fuels","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2970726005","mag":"2970726005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:era.ed.ac.uk:1842/35982","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1842/35982","pdf_url":"https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/35982/1/Wu2019.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055182","display_name":"ERA","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis or Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/35982/1/Wu2019.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004939548","display_name":"Chia-Lung Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-4786","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-4786"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chia Lung Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-4786","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004939548"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10553","display_name":"Combustion and flame dynamics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11619","display_name":"Combustion and Detonation Processes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compartment-fire","display_name":"compartment fire","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solid-fuels","display_name":"solid fuels","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-temperature","display_name":"critical temperature","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-monoxide-concentration","display_name":"carbon monoxide concentration","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-concentration","display_name":"CO2 concentration","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polypropylene","display_name":"polypropylene","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-density-polyethylene","display_name":"high-density polyethylene","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flashover","display_name":"flashover","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/door-opening","display_name":"door opening","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fire-ventilation","display_name":"fire ventilation","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fire-safety-training","display_name":"fire safety training","score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fire-suppression-time","display_name":"fire suppression time","score":0.3630000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3177609145641327}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:era.ed.ac.uk:1842/35982","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1842/35982","pdf_url":"https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/35982/1/Wu2019.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055182","display_name":"ERA","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis or Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:2970726005","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/35982/1/Wu2019.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:era.ed.ac.uk:1842/35982","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1842/35982","pdf_url":"https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/35982/1/Wu2019.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055182","display_name":"ERA","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis or Dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970726005.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970726005.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536115307","https://openalex.org/W1965216161","https://openalex.org/W1969283373","https://openalex.org/W1985441356","https://openalex.org/W1988793136","https://openalex.org/W1988955602","https://openalex.org/W2002502424","https://openalex.org/W2011253934","https://openalex.org/W2012897374","https://openalex.org/W2013762346","https://openalex.org/W2020879192","https://openalex.org/W2025189213","https://openalex.org/W2032609192","https://openalex.org/W2035596812","https://openalex.org/W2037419143","https://openalex.org/W2038592667","https://openalex.org/W2042419012","https://openalex.org/W2042672254","https://openalex.org/W2043690615","https://openalex.org/W2044147942","https://openalex.org/W2055279433","https://openalex.org/W2060491658","https://openalex.org/W2060734922","https://openalex.org/W2063762637","https://openalex.org/W2066582187","https://openalex.org/W2067928654","https://openalex.org/W2108919022","https://openalex.org/W2127793139","https://openalex.org/W2151108717","https://openalex.org/W2156498905","https://openalex.org/W2165616780","https://openalex.org/W2166093147","https://openalex.org/W2199889539","https://openalex.org/W2606950598"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2972921922","https://openalex.org/W2606950598","https://openalex.org/W2127793139","https://openalex.org/W2063762637","https://openalex.org/W2990476768","https://openalex.org/W2035596812","https://openalex.org/W3216542717","https://openalex.org/W7204021147","https://openalex.org/W2043690615","https://openalex.org/W4405175665"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Backdraught":[0,71,430],"is":[1,7,160,210,256,367,371,389,391,489,500,562,577,593,689],"one":[2],"of":[3,25,78,96,142,157,164,169,178,222,230,237,248,354,379,415,428,435,441,464,478,485,497,505,514,529,540,552,555,574,583,694],"fire":[4,102,126,173,288,455,510,546,633],"phenomena":[5],"that":[6,244,257,273,459,525,605,635,667,690],"yet":[8],"to":[9,17,21,41,51,132,135,154,196,212,241,395,447,610,629,640,655,736],"be":[10,49,53,63,73,201,233,267,508,521,532,586,700,734,737],"fully":[11],"understood.":[12],"Previous":[13],"researchers":[14],"have":[15,32,685],"tried":[16],"use":[18],"gaseous":[19],"fuel":[20,86,609,708],"investigate":[22,242],"the":[23,45,69,101,120,125,139,146,151,155,167,170,176,193,228,246,278,286,292,311,325,352,357,384,387,406,426,436,439,460,470,476,479,483,486,494,526,538,541,545,550,553,568,572,575,579,613,621,647,651,679,692,695,712,716,719],"mechanism":[24],"backdraught.":[26,43,179,556,676],"Some":[27],"results":[28],"for":[29,175,393,409,425,564,638,675,725],"this":[30,97,297],"phenomenon":[31,98],"been":[33],"proposed,":[34],"including":[35],"a":[36,79,89,93,114,162,258,264,322,328,334,338,365,376,398,412,419,433,450,559,591,595,631,721,729],"minimum":[37],"concentration":[38,347,378,414],"value":[39,46,141,299,344],"required":[40,195,563],"trigger":[42,197,283,333],"However,":[44,319],"may":[47,199,232,452,507,585,636,733],"not":[48,200,467],"able":[50,735],"widely":[52],"used":[54,187,628],"as":[55,68,75,145,153,188,491],"it":[56,81,209,270,443,492,664],"was":[57,239,271,294,627,653,665],"based":[58],"on":[59,482,682],"methane,":[60],"which":[61,137,688],"can":[62,72,266,281,332,531,684,699],"ignited":[64],"at":[65,380,402,662],"ambient":[66],"temperature,":[67,361],"fuel.":[70],"deemed":[74],"an":[76,189,202],"expression":[77],"fire,":[80,92],"requires":[82,432],"heat,":[83,158],"oxygen,":[84],"and":[85,250,307,316,345,362,418,516,571,657,670],"itself.":[87],"Unlike":[88],"normal":[90],"compartment":[91,103,547,576],"starting":[94],"point":[95],"must":[99],"make":[100],"become":[104],"under-ventilated":[105],"(less":[106],"oxygen":[107,111,131],"supply,":[108],"even":[109,320],"no":[110,372,501],"supply).":[112],"Then":[113],"sudden":[115],"door/":[116],"window":[117],"opening":[118,129,569],"occurs,":[119],"incoming":[121],"fresh":[122,147],"air":[123,148],"support":[124],"reignition.":[127],"The":[128,624],"introduces":[130],"allow":[133],"backdraught":[134,198,206,214,231,249,265,284,339,451,465,530,584,596,639,683,731],"occur,":[136],"reflects":[138],"critical":[140,260,279,298,312,326,407,696],"unburned":[143,671],"smoke,":[144,649],"will":[149,598],"dilute":[150],"smoke;":[152],"effect":[156],"there":[159,370],"still":[161,331],"lack":[163],"research":[165],"about":[166],"role":[168],"temperature":[171,261,275,280,323,408,669,697],"inside":[172],"compartments":[174],"occurrence":[177,247,353,427],"In":[180,557,588,718],"previous":[181,622],"research,":[182],"electric":[183],"sparks":[184],"were":[185],"commonly":[186],"ignition":[190,217,374,471,487,506,518,536,554,644],"source,":[191,375],"therefore,":[192],"heat":[194],"issue":[203],"in":[204,220,383,454,509,544,715],"their":[205],"studies,":[207],"but":[208,336,356],"possible":[211,730],"generate":[213,611],"without":[215,397,642],"any":[216,274,503,643],"source":[218,421,519],"present,":[219,594],"demonstrations":[221],"most":[223],"firefighting":[224],"training":[225],"centres.":[226],"Hence,":[227],"characteristics":[229,461],"different.":[234,474],"A":[235,253],"series":[236],"experiments":[238],"conducted":[240],"factors":[243,350],"influence":[245],"its":[251],"behaviour.":[252],"new":[254,617],"finding":[255],"\u2018a":[259],"exists\u2019":[262],"before":[263,291,386],"triggered.":[268],"Also,":[269,342],"found":[272,666],"higher":[276],"than":[277],"always":[282,431],"if":[285,364,691],"experimental":[287,625,713],"experienced":[289],"flashover":[290],"door":[293,388],"closed.":[295],"But":[296],"varies":[300],"with":[301,321,360,620],"fuels":[302,659,706],"used.":[303],"For":[304,534],"polypropylene":[305],"(PP)":[306],"high-density":[308],"polyethylene":[309],"(HDPE),":[310],"temperatures":[313,403],"are":[314,348,422,466,473,673],"350\u00b0C":[315],"320\u00b0C,":[317],"respectively.":[318],"below":[324,405],"temperatures,":[327],"pilot":[329,366,399,420,592],"spark":[330],"backdraught,":[335,355,411,566,612],"generating":[337],"almost":[340],"immediately.":[341],"CO/CO2":[343],"CO":[346,377,413],"other":[349],"governing":[351],"values":[358],"change":[359,440],"also":[363],"present.":[368],"If":[369],"extra":[373],"least":[381],"0.6%":[382],"compartment,":[385],"opened,":[390],"necessary":[392],"backdraft":[394],"occur":[396,453,599,641],"spark.":[400],"When":[401],"slightly":[404],"non-piloted":[410,515,535],"above":[416],"2.8%":[417],"essential":[423,674],"conditions":[424],"backdraft.":[429],"time":[434,481,528,551,582],"delay":[437,480,527,581],"after":[438],"ventilation,":[442],"makes":[444,678],"firefighters":[445,726],"hard":[446],"know":[448],"when":[449,469,567,590,606,727],"scenes.":[456],"As":[457],"known":[458],"/":[462],"behaviours":[463],"identical":[468],"sources":[472,488],"Therefore,":[475],"prediction":[477],"basis":[484],"crucial":[490],"affects":[493,549],"life":[495],"safety":[496],"firefighters.":[498],"There":[499],"guarantee":[502],"type":[504],"scenes,":[511],"hence,":[512],"both":[513,668],"piloted":[517],"should":[520],"considered.":[522],"Result":[523],"shows":[524],"predicted.":[533,587],"experiments,":[537],"stability":[539],"hot":[542,648],"gases":[543],"directly":[548],"addition,":[558],"suitable":[560,637],"condition":[561,634],"non-ignition":[565],"size":[570],"volume":[573],"known,":[578],"longest":[580],"general,":[589],"event":[597,732],"much":[600],"faster.":[601],"This":[602],"work":[603,681],"demonstrates":[604],"using":[607],"solid":[608],"result":[614],"provides":[615],"some":[616],"findings":[618],"compared":[619],"research.":[623],"design":[626],"create":[630],"realistic":[632],"apart":[645],"from":[646],"although":[650],"study":[652],"limited":[654],"PP":[656],"HDPE":[658],"only.":[660],"But,":[661],"least,":[663],"smoke":[672],"It":[677],"future":[680],"different":[686,705],"views,":[687],"regime":[693],"diagram":[698],"mapped":[701],"out":[702],"by":[703,710],"investigating":[704],"(or":[707],"combinations)":[709],"continuing":[711],"procedure":[714],"thesis.":[717],"future,":[720],"safe":[722],"working":[723],"environment":[724],"tackling":[728],"achieved.":[738]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2019-09-05T00:00:00"}