{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2970530261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2019.1650252","title":"Innovation activities and business cycles: are trademarks a leading indicator?","display_name":"Innovation activities and business cycles: are trademarks a leading indicator?","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2970530261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2019.1650252","mag":"2970530261"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/13662716.2019.1650252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2019.1650252","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2019.1650252","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36209479","display_name":"Industry and Innovation","issn_l":"1366-2716","issn":["1366-2716","1469-8390"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industry and Innovation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042576694","display_name":"Charles A. W. deGrazia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2886-7303","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2886-7303"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184558857","display_name":"Royal Holloway University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2vpn86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I184558857"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801888349","display_name":"United States Patent and Trademark Office","ror":"https://ror.org/0114yjq47","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I2801888349"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles A. W. deGrazia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Holloway College, University of London, Egham, UK","United States Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Holloway College, University of London, Egham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I184558857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801888349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077833193","display_name":"Amanda Myers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6692","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6692"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801888349","display_name":"United States Patent and Trademark Office","ror":"https://ror.org/0114yjq47","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I2801888349"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amanda Myers","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801888349"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061736592","display_name":"Andrew A. Toole","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3658-2914","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3658-2914"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177364143","display_name":"Centre for European Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02qnsw591","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177364143","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801888349","display_name":"United States Patent and Trademark Office","ror":"https://ror.org/0114yjq47","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I2801888349"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew A. Toole","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for European Economic Research, Mannheim, Germany","United States Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for European Economic Research, Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177364143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801888349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042576694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I184558857","https://openalex.org/I2801888349"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2303,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93928525,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"1-2","first_page":"184","last_page":"203"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10007","display_name":"Monetary Policy and Economic Impact","score":0.4805000126361847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10007","display_name":"Monetary Policy and Economic Impact","score":0.4805000126361847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11918","display_name":"Forecasting Techniques and Applications","score":0.24060000479221344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.1647000014781952,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trademarks","display_name":"trademarks","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-cycles","display_name":"business cycles","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leading-indicators","display_name":"leading indicators","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation-indicators","display_name":"innovation indicators","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recession-forecasting","display_name":"recession forecasting","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turning-point-analysis","display_name":"turning point analysis","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-index","display_name":"composite index","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"machine learning","score":0.44999998807907104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779027411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167270","display_name":"Trademark","level":2,"score":0.9570581316947937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5731663703918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195742910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176494","display_name":"Recession","level":2,"score":0.5412172675132751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202353208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1167393","display_name":"Economic indicator","level":2,"score":0.5288791656494141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83873408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192311","display_name":"Business cycle","level":2,"score":0.4948250651359558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.487719863653183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.48250246047973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.47986429929733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.46235308051109314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.45818084478378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4132988452911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135510737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Performance indicator","level":2,"score":0.4103177785873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.4061169922351837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2616180181503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24788391590118408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165556158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937","display_name":"Keynesian economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/13662716.2019.1650252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2019.1650252","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2019.1650252","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36209479","display_name":"Industry and Innovation","issn_l":"1366-2716","issn":["1366-2716","1469-8390"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industry and Innovation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:indinn:v:27:y:2020:i:1-2:p:184-203","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13662716.2019.1650252","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4943999946117401,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W171292237","https://openalex.org/W587526211","https://openalex.org/W641613147","https://openalex.org/W1493314299","https://openalex.org/W1513397192","https://openalex.org/W1516085080","https://openalex.org/W1570115105","https://openalex.org/W1686399621","https://openalex.org/W1869754513","https://openalex.org/W1898358207","https://openalex.org/W1969415786","https://openalex.org/W1974273177","https://openalex.org/W1999974018","https://openalex.org/W2002936819","https://openalex.org/W2009418501","https://openalex.org/W2015569257","https://openalex.org/W2015943086","https://openalex.org/W2023921056","https://openalex.org/W2042834059","https://openalex.org/W2070418572","https://openalex.org/W2073241381","https://openalex.org/W2075088737","https://openalex.org/W2080366902","https://openalex.org/W2084942106","https://openalex.org/W2085756988","https://openalex.org/W2088940690","https://openalex.org/W2089916827","https://openalex.org/W2104934807","https://openalex.org/W2105375097","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2111051773","https://openalex.org/W2112601207","https://openalex.org/W2114463818","https://openalex.org/W2114989862","https://openalex.org/W2127491952","https://openalex.org/W2128539546","https://openalex.org/W2143802533","https://openalex.org/W2171851100","https://openalex.org/W2173793284","https://openalex.org/W2176484256","https://openalex.org/W2222566039","https://openalex.org/W2268325276","https://openalex.org/W2460432584","https://openalex.org/W2502330485","https://openalex.org/W2555519947","https://openalex.org/W2568908347","https://openalex.org/W2605330850","https://openalex.org/W2910676761","https://openalex.org/W2923743008","https://openalex.org/W3122026742","https://openalex.org/W3122802281","https://openalex.org/W3124182182","https://openalex.org/W3124446673","https://openalex.org/W3125070660","https://openalex.org/W3206406377","https://openalex.org/W4301031038","https://openalex.org/W4302199816","https://openalex.org/W4386067539","https://openalex.org/W4388170138"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4233314598","https://openalex.org/W3144276097","https://openalex.org/W2186428435","https://openalex.org/W4242796165","https://openalex.org/W6946386424","https://openalex.org/W2327130657","https://openalex.org/W7096356802","https://openalex.org/W2114989862","https://openalex.org/W3123269250","https://openalex.org/W7113589780"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"the":[1,41,75],"widespread":[2],"use":[3,71],"of":[4,74],"economic":[5],"information":[6],"to":[7,18,39],"anticipate":[8],"changes":[9],"in":[10,69,86],"business":[11,35],"conditions,":[12],"innovation":[13],"metrics":[14,85],"are":[15],"not":[16],"considered":[17],"be":[19],"leading":[20,77],"indicators.":[21,78],"We":[22],"argue":[23],"that":[24,31,61,82],"aggregate":[25],"trademark":[26,62,84],"data":[27],"reflect":[28],"firm-level":[29],"choices":[30],"can":[32],"help":[33],"predict":[34],"cycles.":[36],"In":[37],"addition":[38],"establishing":[40],"conceptual":[42],"basis":[43],"for":[44,64],"considering":[45],"trademarks,":[46],"our":[47],"statistical":[48],"evaluations,":[49],"using":[50],"turning":[51],"point":[52],"analysis":[53],"and":[54,66],"a":[55],"novel":[56],"machine":[57],"learning":[58],"method,":[59],"find":[60],"filings":[63],"product":[65],"service":[67],"offerings":[68],"commercial":[70],"outperform":[72],"many":[73],"conventional":[76],"Our":[79],"work":[80],"suggests":[81],"including":[83],"composite":[87],"indexes":[88],"could":[89],"improve":[90],"recession":[91],"forecasting":[92],"performance.":[93]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2019-09-05T00:00:00"}