{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2969915684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/704383","title":"Domesticating Chemical Weapons: Tear Gas and the Militarization of Policing in the British Imperial World, 1919\u20131981","display_name":"Domesticating Chemical Weapons: Tear Gas and the Militarization of Policing in the British Imperial World, 1919\u20131981","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2969915684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/704383","mag":"2969915684"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/704383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/704383","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/704383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125270255","display_name":"The Journal of Modern History","issn_l":"0022-2801","issn":["0022-2801","1537-5358"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Modern History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072538178","display_name":"Erik Linstrum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7382-0275","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7382-0275"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Erik Linstrum","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072538178"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4032,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96810802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"91","issue":"3","first_page":"557","last_page":"585"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13494","display_name":"Military History and Strategy","score":0.798799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13494","display_name":"Military History and Strategy","score":0.798799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.07339999824762344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.030700000002980232,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tear-gas","display_name":"tear gas","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-weapons","display_name":"chemical weapons","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-militarization","display_name":"police militarization","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/british-imperialism","display_name":"British imperialism","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/home-rule","display_name":"home rule","score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-ireland","display_name":"Northern Ireland","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-tactics","display_name":"police tactics","score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-violence","display_name":"state violence","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hannah-arendt","display_name":"Hannah Arendt","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boomerang-effect","display_name":"boomerang effect","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/british-empire","display_name":"British Empire","score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decolonization","display_name":"decolonization","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-east","display_name":"Middle East","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/west-indies","display_name":"West Indies","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-imperialism","display_name":"anti-imperialism","score":0.46399998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778227311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2575688","display_name":"Militarization","level":3,"score":0.9857799410820007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101216236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483610","display_name":"Chemical warfare","level":2,"score":0.5738780498504639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5165466666221619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.47691819071769714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.24005809426307678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.18480530381202698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.07696884870529175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/704383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/704383","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/704383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125270255","display_name":"The Journal of Modern History","issn_l":"0022-2801","issn":["0022-2801","1537-5358"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Modern History","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W654427327","https://openalex.org/W1488835416","https://openalex.org/W2004707936","https://openalex.org/W2038181042","https://openalex.org/W2040172664","https://openalex.org/W2046524532","https://openalex.org/W2046694925","https://openalex.org/W2047238412","https://openalex.org/W2058094180","https://openalex.org/W2058130740","https://openalex.org/W2080043003","https://openalex.org/W2124853122","https://openalex.org/W2134981116","https://openalex.org/W2161271082","https://openalex.org/W2166450161","https://openalex.org/W2277776917","https://openalex.org/W2283938163","https://openalex.org/W2315262417","https://openalex.org/W2338346334","https://openalex.org/W2339438372","https://openalex.org/W2501645750","https://openalex.org/W2795490420","https://openalex.org/W2798789670","https://openalex.org/W3143672520","https://openalex.org/W4206518041","https://openalex.org/W4213207562","https://openalex.org/W4236042729","https://openalex.org/W4242478866","https://openalex.org/W4243811096"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2966853163","https://openalex.org/W7222391234","https://openalex.org/W3123971599","https://openalex.org/W2051530788","https://openalex.org/W2485555006","https://openalex.org/W3137597721","https://openalex.org/W2443456478","https://openalex.org/W4386132784","https://openalex.org/W4408267300","https://openalex.org/W2563058733"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"articleNext":[1],"article":[2,422],"FreeDomesticating":[3],"Chemical":[4],"Weapons:":[5],"Tear":[6,1021,3185,3223],"Gas":[7,1440,2432],"and":[8,50,105,136,193,258,284,299,305,318,380,389,439,459,473,516,537,574,639,706,752,770,792,816,842,862,911,918,942,959,1024,1042,1059,1127,1144,1160,1268,1364,1366,1368,1389,1421,1460,1501,1552,1583,1604,1668,1719,1775,1799,1841,1858,1887,1968,1979,2006,2021,2056,2080,2117,2156,2234,2246,2298,2324,2657,2682,2722,2729,2747,2784,2790,2870,2941,2955,3002,3037,3076,3253,3282,3289,3358,3409,3519,3541,3606,3713,3726,3837,3920,3951,3969,3981,4000,4081,4280,4308,4333,4369,4387,4547],"the":[9,14,44,58,95,112,116,123,126,129,163,197,210,213,231,244,267,316,337,345,356,363,374,386,427,442,449,452,476,488,497,511,530,545,556,570,578,597,612,625,629,632,636,640,649,665,675,681,713,721,727,772,787,793,852,857,860,863,897,912,928,996,1013,1040,1050,1056,1080,1092,1120,1123,1136,1140,1158,1169,1188,1226,1278,1287,1291,1318,1321,1326,1351,1380,1400,1404,1417,1426,1446,1458,1466,1507,1509,1523,1537,1543,1553,1563,1574,1581,1584,1605,1632,1648,1683,1702,1763,1770,1781,1801,1806,1819,1825,1830,1870,1881,1906,1912,1931,1935,1944,1973,1984,1992,1997,2008,2033,2041,2050,2084,2093,2104,2108,2114,2130,2149,2195,2199,2204,2210,2216,2219,2230,2235,2254,2262,2276,2287,2337,2391,2436,2441,2446,2450,2466,2483,2493,2514,2525,2549,2561,2573,2586,2616,2619,2625,2636,2645,2651,2699,2703,2717,2737,2762,2775,2809,2817,2839,2859,2878,2883,2889,2896,2931,2964,3024,3054,3105,3111,3145,3157,3165,3189,3227,3229,3235,3238,3272,3280,3296,3312,3320,3326,3330,3346,3367,3370,3391,3399,3405,3411,3423,3429,3433,3438,3444,3470,3489,3500,3529,3543,3548,3558,3561,3571,3575,3604,3609,3619,3626,3633,3641,3660,3671,3683,3698,3705,3723,3727,3734,3749,3762,3771,3780,3786,3793,3814,3821,3826,3834,3838,3843,3846,3851,3856,3864,3885,3894,3924,3926,3929,3933,3967,3971,3976,3997,4001,4023,4027,4037,4096,4103,4115,4123,4126,4137,4141,4146,4158,4186,4203,4207,4229,4237,4249,4252,4257,4273,4281,4287,4290,4298,4301,4319,4325,4337,4346,4350,4383,4398,4401,4404,4430,4434,4449,4464,4472,4476,4495,4509,4531,4536,4542,4566,4568],"Militarization":[10],"of":[11,21,47,53,60,88,156,167,199,212,228,246,296,321,339,347,368,376,429,456,465,478,481,499,510,523,561,572,580,583,600,614,619,628,643,652,677,716,726,738,745,757,790,796,827,848,854,879,894,904,915,946,962,1015,1045,1053,1087,1094,1101,1122,1138,1180,1183,1225,1229,1283,1293,1325,1338,1345,1373,1382,1403,1419,1428,1432,1468,1565,1576,1580,1593,1624,1676,1737,1746,1762,1772,1787,1821,1848,1873,1905,1987,1995,1999,2010,2029,2035,2043,2086,2090,2095,2132,2197,2207,2212,2221,2237,2256,2275,2301,2306,2353,2394,2445,2452,2459,2468,2490,2497,2518,2564,2581,2588,2618,2627,2635,2663,2691,2705,2715,2739,2768,2800,2824,2833,2838,2861,2880,2900,2907,2909,2963,3013,3026,3034,3057,3070,3107,3113,3144,3167,3199,3237,3274,3284,3298,3311,3332,3348,3369,3401,3414,3425,3462,3473,3491,3524,3537,3550,3560,3574,3616,3628,3643,3648,3663,3736,3756,3764,3782,3788,3823,3828,3845,3853,3935,4009,4059,4063,4069,4073,4105,4117,4140,4144,4160,4206,4283,4327,4376,4385,4400,4418,4471,4478,4522,4539],"Policing":[12],"in":[13,72,94,107,125,131,134,138,142,144,160,175,209,215,237,385,426,487,493,529,544,568,611,664,781,807,825,835,851,896,970,1003,1079,1132,1168,1236,1277,1445,1457,1465,1595,1654,1766,1783,1838,1864,1880,1900,1910,2111,2124,2137,2148,2173,2240,2283,2286,2348,2462,2548,2615,2650,2666,2698,2732,2854,2916,3152,3183,3188,3212,3325,3334,3337,3366,3422,3436,3443,3499,3511,3528,3578,3592,3599,3603,3608,3668,3754,3769,3776,3792,3813,3833,3861,3867,3884,3923,3928,3941,3945,3948,3952,3964,3966,4007,4025,4047,4228,4248,4260,4357,4367,4371,4429,4442,4451,4457,4504,4524,4565],"British":[15,97,127,229,364,412,470,615,739,761,764,1000,1035,1170,1247,1288,1301,1660,1667,2160,2238,2362,2395,2480,2912,2981,3260,3434,3794,3858,3901,4028,4127],"Imperial":[16],"World,":[17],"1919\u20131981*Erik":[18],"LinstrumErik":[19],"LinstrumUniversity":[20],"Virginia":[22,4499],"Search":[23],"for":[24,91,180,418,558,888,983,1200,1252,1472,1475,1478,1513,1539,1601,1739,1760,1856,1955,2065,2075,2253,2269,2342,2449,2640,2777,2877,2895,2960,3086,3250,3387,3516,3547,3618,3863,4114,4162,4195,4304,4334,4362,4553],"more":[25,937,1046,1084,1927,2003,2494,2511,3652,3699],"articles":[26],"by":[27,235,242,411,596,635,940,986,1063,1329,1547,1693,1710,1722,1779,1803,1898,2142,2294,2316,2321,2361,2383,2425,2439,2654,2911,2934,2949,3193,3395,3740,4196,4277,4513],"this":[28,250,398,1026,2373,2667,3600,3646,3897,3992,4134,4193],"author":[29],"Full":[30],"TextPDF":[31],"Add":[32],"to":[33,102,111,115,140,202,278,287,302,311,329,351,361,373,382,392,397,484,519,547,555,577,589,607,623,648,659,687,698,845,859,952,973,1005,1038,1157,1220,1244,1255,1347,1394,1493,1506,1567,1650,1681,1686,1791,1797,1809,1818,1845,1941,2052,2103,2193,2310,2336,2370,2434,2596,2612,2632,2647,2701,2764,2780,2848,2852,2980,2996,3044,3065,3082,3096,3103,3123,3128,3147,3219,3258,3270,3318,3329,3483,3564,3653,3707,3733,3807,3848,3873,3889,4022,4102,4130,4157,4170,4226,4314,4344,4389,4407,4421,4423,4494,4508,4530],"favoritesDownload":[34],"CitationTrack":[35],"CitationsPermissionsReprints":[36],"Share":[37],"onFacebookTwitterLinked":[38],"InRedditEmailQR":[39],"Code":[40],"SectionsMoreAt":[41],"least":[42,2366,3503],"since":[43],"Hague":[45],"Convention":[46],"1899,":[48],"formal":[49,3661],"informal":[51],"expressions":[52],"world":[54,916,1486,3635,3895,3972],"opinion":[55,3494,3650,3963],"have":[56,84,818,831,872,882,2554],"branded":[57],"use":[59,166,346,477,756,1256,2089,2094,2131,2220,2451,2738,2879,3331,3347,3642,3708,3735,3852,3934,4006,4104,4171,4315,4384],"chemical":[61,89,150,479,1230,1257,1330,1463,1540,1571,1639,1711,1740,1788,1948,2036,2066,2171,2257,2460,2582,2664,2850,3509,3657,3680,3717,3789,3818,3891,3913,4053,4532],"weapons":[62,480,1231,1258,1264,1331,1406,1415,1954,2851,3681,3718,3819,4533],"as":[63,79,81,251,585,735,783,810,990,1196,1270,1573,1621,1641,1748,1952,1957,1959,2099,2121,2403,2713,2754,2813,2834,2841,2864,2866,3059,3202,3204,3374,3420,3427,3563,3581,4380,4411,4454,4482],"illegitimate\u2014a":[64],"\"taboo\"":[65],"strikingly":[66],"persistent":[67],"if":[68],"not":[69,147,1067,1075,1491,1517,1680,2314,2358,2670,3009,3597,3692,3974,3990,4056,4100,4311,4446],"always":[70,965,1732],"observed":[71,3307],"practice.1":[73],"And":[74],"yet":[75,2791],"respectable":[76],"Western":[77,1826],"states":[78,323,3712,3746],"well":[80,1958,2865,3042,3203],"rogue":[82],"regimes":[83],"used":[85,3716],"one":[86,443,2634,3504,4068,4485],"kind":[87,1592,1736],"weapon":[90,1832,2758,4413],"decades.":[92,559],"Beginning":[93],"1930s,":[96,4567],"authorities":[98,543,1097,1248],"employed":[99,1897],"tear":[100,446,505,758,947,963,1064,1088,1130,1166,1284,2752,2778,2806,3150,3254,3906,3936,3979,4172,4331,4377,4409,4479,4557],"gas":[101,395,438,506,759,948,964,989,1022,1065,1131,1167,1285,1474,1477,1515,1615,1747,1792,1853,1866,1878,1923,2023,2134,2270,2308,2331,2385,2415,2491,2533,2681,2753,2779,2807,2815,2881,3151,3162,3186,3215,3224,3252,3255,3286,3333,3349,3416,3709,3737,3882,3907,3937,3980,4106,4173,4221,4378,4410,4452,4480,4491],"combat":[103,485,1594,3104],"riots":[104,4245],"insurgencies":[106],"colonies":[108,557,1238,3886],"from":[109,162,309,359,404,445,454,621,690,839,856,869,927,1335,2162,2605,3570,3656,3678,3816,3917],"India":[110,2463,2853,3512,3583,3799,3949],"Middle":[113,2115],"East":[114,3562,4262],"West":[117,898,2819],"Indies.":[118],"When":[119,490],"they":[120,502,693,702,1271,1560,2886,3266,4339,4381,4455],"first":[121,2140,3904],"did":[122,1272,2229,2669,3248,3651,3989,4099,4125,4310,4349,4445,4456,4526,4561],"same":[124,357,512,722,1913,2718,2810,2890,4288],"Isles\u2014during":[128],"Troubles":[130],"Northern":[132],"Ireland":[133],"1969":[135],"then":[137,1971,2168,4202],"response":[139,1004],"unrest":[141,204,486,2510],"Liverpool":[143],"1981\u2014it":[145],"was":[146,171,998,1074,1148,1194,1407,1516,1532,1545,1876,1970,2609,2630,2969,3008,3100,3350,3377,3595,3691,3871,4055,4189,4222,4240,4544],"only":[148,1424,1831,2686,2925,2986,3598,3732,4187,4481],"a":[149,154,206,225,252,256,274,521,565,586,661,736,743,777,805,837,892,924,950,967,980,1083,1104,1110,1197,1308,1371,1462,1519,1590,1622,1642,1655,1697,1749,1814,1846,1865,2014,2026,2060,2190,2266,2388,2414,2417,2521,2570,2672,2769,2787,2836,2961,2984,2991,3011,3087,3139,3221,3231,3353,3476,3525,3532,3613,3759,3783,3803,3958,4032,4057,4089,4108,4154,4180,4354,4412,4483,4517,4528],"formula":[151],"but":[152,400,1070,1685,2319,3019,3030,3062,3602,4066],"also":[153,401,804,1242,1939,2320,2892,3020,3063,3497],"set":[155,1442],"tactics":[157,2274,3297],"that":[158,233,293,431,504,551,670,712,779,885,931,1096,1353,1386,1413,1608,1614,1756,1833,1922,1938,2019,2106,2465,2551,2560,2575,2601,2603,2642,2684,2805,2888,2951,2977,3074,3277,3308,3345,3440,3508,3590,3695,3774,3961,4036,4076,4185,4220,4293,4395,4559],"arrived":[159,3860],"Britain":[161,576,3496,3655,3667,3696,3876,4525],"colonies.":[164,489],"The":[165,617,724,755,956,1280,1343,1485,1753,1894,2063,2272,2843,2905,3028,4044,4520],"violence":[168,236,874,890,939,1002,1147,1193],"against":[169,760,1295,1570,2049,2135,2455,3361,3449,3539,3640,3710,3850,3938,4174,4234],"bodies":[170,3015],"less":[172,1109,1717,2827,3364,4210,4232],"an":[173,178,366,591,991,1177,1449,1454,1533,1793,1874,2069,2100,2250,3021,3091,4426],"end":[174,241],"itself":[176],"than":[177,1031,1118,1627,1704,1726,1929,2513,2535,2828,3245,3295,3659,3748,3910,4084,4212,4297],"instrument":[179,409],"fulfilling":[181],"other":[182,408,902,1390,1510,2304,3572,3912,4013],"aims:":[183],"establishing":[184],"control":[185],"over":[186,720,993,2059,2920],"physical":[187,889,1028,2057,3017],"space,":[188,782],"frustrating":[189],"collective":[190,2992],"action,":[191],"intimidating":[192],"demoralizing":[194,1041],"opposition.":[195],"Applying":[196],"logics":[198,2891],"colonial":[200,387,562,1189,3300,3750],"counterinsurgency":[201,563,3154],"homegrown":[203],"marked":[205],"notable":[207],"step":[208],"militarization":[211],"police":[214,413,644,700,750,1143,3918,4294,4329],"Britain.In":[216],"her":[217,4514],"essay":[218],"On":[219,4136],"Violence":[220],"(1969),":[221],"Hannah":[222],"Arendt":[223],"identified":[224],"recurring":[226,3959],"anxiety":[227,1978,3468],"imperialism:":[230],"prospect":[232,4477],"\"rule":[234],"faraway":[238],"lands":[239],"would":[240,265,604,1423,2379,2474,2553,2567,2577,3555,3877,3973],"affecting":[243],"government":[245,1077,4029,4554],"England.\"":[247],"She":[248],"described":[249,2400,3753],"\"boomerang":[253],"effect\"":[254,4275],"or":[255,1019,1115,1355,1629,1850,2344,2350,2410,3084,3132,4012],"\"backlash\"":[257],"wondered":[259],"whether":[260],"\"the":[261,1673,1989,2486,2755,2829,3309,4005],"last":[262],"'subject":[263],"race'":[264],"be":[266,605,1359,1861,2367,2380,2947,2997,3418,3447],"English":[268],"themselves.\"2":[269],"This":[270,421,1107,4239],"rhetoric":[271,518,1731],"drew":[272],"on":[273,441,448,763,1103,1286,1453,1562,1701,1743,1824,2083,2189,2203,2215,2482,2798,2882,2943,3023,3279,3428,3682,3893,4052,4264,4437,4556],"tradition":[275],"stretching":[276],"back":[277,697],"Victorian":[279],"anti-imperialists":[280],"like":[281,436,813,1217,1379,1587,2040,2092,2413,2428,2679,2930,4199],"Richard":[282],"Cobden":[283],"earlier":[285,2600,3316],"still":[286,2970],"Edmund":[288],"Burke.":[289],"Historians":[290],"now":[291,1314,4166],"recognize":[292,3991],"some":[294,1133,1362],"techniques":[295,369,2950],"governance\u2014from":[297],"fingerprinting":[298],"city":[300,2944],"planning":[301],"public":[303,460,3493,3527,3962,4306],"health":[304],"psychiatry\u2014did":[306],"indeed":[307],"migrate":[308],"colony":[310],"metropole,":[312],"raising":[313],"questions":[314],"about":[315,534,1112,1119,1303,2774,3469,4463],"liberal":[317,593],"democratic":[319],"pretensions":[320],"European":[322],"at":[324,540,1008,1259,1416,2290,2351,2365,2821,2914,3262,3292,3452,3903,4256,4318,4397,4516,4535,4563],"home.3":[325],"A":[326,2479,2502],"fuller":[327],"answer":[328],"Arendt's":[330],"question":[331,3827],"has,":[332],"however,":[333],"remained":[334,3343,3523,4440],"elusive.":[335],"Did":[336],"instruments":[338],"state":[340,974,1001,3240,4128,4161,4405],"violence,":[341,2307],"exacting":[342],"submission":[343],"through":[344,1805,1977,2999,3016,3241],"force":[348,1029,1687],"when":[349,1262,1869,2012,2987,3478,3761],"unable":[350],"do":[352],"so":[353,415,419,1223,1250,1253,1273,1408,3520,4183],"otherwise,":[354],"follow":[355],"path":[358,838],"empire":[360,2110,3445],"nation?4In":[362],"case,":[365,3722],"array":[367],"long":[370,733,1254,2652],"considered":[371,2971],"alien":[372,598],"traditions":[375],"metropolitan":[377,788],"policing\u2014from":[378],"shields":[379],"masks":[381,1771,4453],"military-style":[383],"formations\u2014originated":[384],"laboratory":[388],"gradually":[390,432],"migrated":[391],"Britain.5":[393],"Weaponized":[394],"belonged":[396],"bundle":[399],"stood":[402],"apart":[403],"it,":[405,1672],"because":[406,1182,1399,1645,2328,2496,2507,2967],"no":[407,1862,2794,3217,3878,4218,4341,4374,4461,4550],"deployed":[410,2697],"attracted":[414],"much":[416,1224,2381,4231],"controversy":[417],"long.":[420],"traces":[423],"two":[424,1443,2926],"phases":[425],"evolution":[428],"attitudes":[430],"decoupled":[433],"lethal":[434],"substances":[435],"mustard":[437,2532,2680,2814,3161],"phosgene,":[440],"hand,":[444],"gases,":[447,501,4064],"other,":[450,3982],"transforming":[451],"latter":[453],"objects":[455],"international":[457,3664],"condemnation":[458],"opprobrium":[461],"into":[462,674,1300,1370,1689,2990,3688],"everyday":[463],"mechanisms":[464,627],"social":[466,1469],"control.6":[467],"After":[468],"1918,":[469],"soldiers,":[471],"officials,":[472,1551],"scientists":[474,1078,1554],"advocated":[475,2129,2736],"all":[482,646,1172,1479,3156],"kinds":[483,4072],"political":[491,1051,2223,3457],"leaders":[492,1036,4459],"London":[494,1354,3426,4518],"ruled":[495],"out":[496,1613,2976,4247],"deployment":[498,1102],"deadlier":[500],"reasoned":[503],"could":[507,1358,1924,2332,2946,3389,3417,4165],"accomplish":[508],"many":[509,2260],"aims,":[513],"blending":[514],"humanitarian":[515,981,1116,1730,2638],"techno-utopian":[517],"conjure":[520,590],"vision":[522],"clean,":[524],"efficient":[525],"counterinsurgencies.":[526],"Then,":[527],"beginning":[528],"late":[531],"1960s,":[532],"concerns":[533],"radical":[535],"protest":[536],"racial":[538],"militancy":[539],"home":[541,1009,3453],"prompted":[542],"metropole":[546],"adopt":[548],"repressive":[549],"technologies":[550,2305],"had":[552,1616,2528,2594,2644,2695,3356,4322],"been":[553,2529,2696],"confined":[554],"Veterans":[560],"played":[564,966],"leading":[566,3804],"role":[567,969],"linking":[569],"disorder":[571,1007],"1970s":[573],"1980s":[575],"strife":[579],"decolonization.The":[581],"risk":[582,3627],"\"militarization\"":[584],"concept":[587],"is":[588,669,711,776,803,891,1108,1487,1490,1679,1829,4217,4393,4497],"idealized":[592],"realm":[594],"contaminated":[595],"forces":[599,2239,2402,4295],"war.7":[601],"Such":[602],"idealism":[603],"misguided,":[606],"put":[608,1671],"it":[609,741,802,1073,1099,1152,1163,1646,1890,2164,2329,2621,2643,2988,3268,3540,3685,4213],"mildly,":[610],"case":[613,945,982,1538,2064,2252,2876,4178],"policing.":[616],"treatment":[618,3067],"crowds":[620,762,3058,3079],"Peterloo":[622],"Tonypandy,":[624],"intelligence-gathering":[626],"Special":[630],"Branch,":[631],"weaponry":[633,1572,2258],"stockpiled":[634],"Metropolitan":[637],"Police,":[638],"career":[641],"paths":[642],"personnel":[645],"point":[647],"deep":[650,1185],"roots":[651],"military":[653,671,1548,1757,1963,2213,3921,4168,4204,4299,4358],"influence.8":[654],"Yet":[655,920],"there":[656,1489,4269],"are":[657],"reasons":[658],"mark":[660],"new":[662,1405,1591,2000,4155,4466],"departure":[663],"twentieth":[666],"century.":[667],"One":[668,3304],"men,":[672],"pressed":[673],"business":[676],"domestic":[678,4363],"security":[679,4364],"after":[680,2693,4020,4336],"First":[682,1633,1945],"World":[683,1634,1946,4049],"War,":[684,1635,1947],"worked":[685,1909],"tirelessly":[686],"extricate":[688],"themselves":[689,4271],"it.":[691,1033,2227],"As":[692,1307,1659,3206,3372,4088],"transferred":[694,703],"those":[695,1263,1497,2801,4075],"responsibilities":[696],"civil":[699,4119],"forces,":[701,1670],"methods,":[704],"materials,":[705],"mentalities,":[707],"too.9":[708],"Another":[709],"reason":[710],"cultural":[714],"valence":[715],"policing":[717,1297],"changed":[718],"significantly":[719],"period.":[723],"image":[725],"unthreatening,":[728],"unarmed":[729],"\"bobby,\"":[730],"however":[731],"romanticized,":[732],"served":[734,1665],"talisman":[737],"identity;":[740],"incarnated":[742],"brand":[744],"liberty":[746],"incompatible":[747],"with":[748,876,1017,1187,1274,1610,1666,1734,2002,2531,2538,3090,3488,4272,4330,4487,4549],"American-style":[749],"squads":[751],"French-style":[753],"gendarmeries.10":[754],"streets,":[765],"once":[766,1311,4121],"unthinkable,":[767],"both":[768,1839],"reflected":[769],"accelerated":[771],"bobby":[773],"myth's":[774],"decline.This":[775],"history":[778,806,1228],"unfolded":[780],"long-standing":[784,2273],"boundaries":[785],"between":[786,1125,1142,1320,1542,2072,2675,3407,3744,3978,4079,4085],"\"zone":[789,795],"law\"":[791],"imperial":[794,1550,3172,3239,3479],"violence\"":[797],"came":[798,1334,3687],"under":[799,4148],"pressure.11":[800],"But":[801,1536,2244,2623,4192,4541],"time.":[808],"Even":[809,1868,3336],"master":[811],"concepts":[812],"secularization,":[814],"democratization,":[815],"industrialization":[817],"lost":[819],"their":[820,867,1304,1705,2296,2299,2874,3135,3485,3829],"luster,":[821],"grand":[822],"narratives":[823],"linger":[824,1855],"histories":[826],"violence.":[828],"Many":[829,3456],"scholars":[830],"followed":[832],"Michel":[833],"Foucault":[834],"tracing":[836],"spectacular,":[840,957],"public,":[841,958,4473],"painful":[843,960,2004],"punishments":[844],"internalized":[846],"forms":[847],"discipline\u2014a":[849],"shift":[850,4356,4562],"target":[853],"coercion":[855],"body":[858],"mind":[861,3328],"soul.12":[864],"Others,":[865],"taking":[866,923],"cue":[868],"Norbert":[870],"Elias,":[871],"seen":[873,1195,1951,2712],"retreat":[875],"feudal":[877],"ideas":[878],"honor.13":[880],"Some":[881],"even":[883,1261,1269,2007,2435,2624,4030,4242,4379,4396],"insisted":[884],"decreasing":[886],"tolerance":[887],"hallmark":[893],"life":[895,909,3056],"today\u2014a":[899],"product,":[900],"among":[901,2280,2471],"factors,":[903],"humanitarianism,":[905],"visual":[906],"media,":[907],"increased":[908],"expectancies,":[910],"traumatized":[913],"aftermath":[914],"war":[917,1464,1677,2122,2172,3207,4008],"genocide.14":[919],"another":[921,1735,2174,3101],"narrative,":[922],"different":[925,2898],"lesson":[926],"Holocaust,":[929],"posits":[930],"modern":[932],"technology":[933],"has":[934,2995],"enabled":[935],"ever":[936,2759,3302,4223],"brutal":[938],"anonymizing":[941],"depersonalizing":[943],"it.15The":[944],"offers":[949],"counterpoint":[951],"these":[953,1218,2312],"sweeping":[954],"histories.":[955],"character":[961],"central":[968],"its":[971,984,1146,1173,1184,1204,1237,1636,1892,2076,2476,2498,2565,3148,3194,3551,3566,4111],"appeal":[972],"authorities.":[975],"While":[976,2119],"proponents":[977,2034],"often":[978,1011,1333],"made":[979,2265,4373],"adoption,":[985],"heralding":[987],"nonlethal":[988,1694,3214],"improvement":[992],"deadly":[994,3168],"gunfire,":[995],"dichotomy":[997],"misleading.":[999],"serious":[1006,2795,4244],"most":[1010,1332,2756,2799],"took":[1012,1232,3899,4077,4340],"form":[1014,1086],"beatings":[1016],"clubs":[1018],"batons.":[1020],"complemented":[1023],"intensified":[1025],"crude":[1027],"rather":[1030,1725,2534,3244,3747,4067,4083,4296],"replacing":[1032],"Since":[1034],"sought":[1037],"recapture":[1039],"disorienting":[1043],"effects":[1044,1206,1837,2797,3033,3472],"toxic":[1047,2677],"gases":[1048,1761,2001,2678,2683,2741,3115],"without":[1049,2408,3542],"blowback":[1052],"creating":[1054],"martyrs,":[1055],"bodily":[1057],"suffering":[1058],"visible":[1060],"prostration":[1061],"inflicted":[1062,1617],"were":[1066,1207,1214,1265,1950,2427,2711,3040,3080,3363,3460,3481,3778],"merely":[1068,3010],"incidental":[1069],"essential.":[1071],"Indeed,":[1072],"until":[1076,1889,3693,3820],"1950s":[1081],"perfected":[1082],"potent":[1085,1210],"gas,":[1089,2091,2222,2692,3035,4332],"which":[1090,1596,2742,2923,3116,3675],"simulated":[1091],"experience":[1093],"suffocation,":[1095],"deemed":[1098,1208],"worthy":[1100],"wide":[1105,2061],"scale.":[1106],"story":[1111],"heightened":[1113],"squeamishness":[1114],"scruples":[1117,1569],"fluidity":[1121],"boundary":[1124,3406],"legitimate":[1126],"illegitimate":[1128],"weapons.16Although":[1129],"ways":[1134],"offered":[1135],"promise":[1137],"increasing":[1139,1275],"distance":[1141],"protesters,":[1145,2939],"hardly":[1149],"impersonal.":[1150],"Using":[1151],"effectively":[1153,1928,2512],"required":[1154],"close":[1155],"attention":[1156],"physiological":[1159],"psychological":[1161,1956,2477],"responses":[1162],"produced.":[1164],"Moreover,":[1165],"context\u2014for":[1171],"futuristic":[1174,1744],"novelty\u2014was":[1175],"never":[1176,3686],"unambiguous":[1178],"symbol":[1179],"modernity":[1181],"association":[1186],"frontier.":[1190],"Its":[1191],"indiscriminate":[1192],"fitting":[1198],"punishment":[1199],"supposedly":[1201],"savage":[1202],"enemies;":[1203],"spectacular":[1205],"especially":[1209],"where":[1211,2420,3612,4179],"so-called":[1212],"primitives":[1213],"concerned.":[1215],"Assumptions":[1216],"help":[1219,1243],"explain":[1221,1245,3319],"why":[1222,1246],"early":[1227],"place":[1233,4078],"beyond":[1234,3495],"Europe,":[1235],"above":[1239],"all.17":[1240],"They":[1241],"proved":[1249],"reluctant":[1251],"home,":[1260,3293],"ostensibly":[1266],"nonlethal,":[1267],"frequency":[1276],"empire.":[1279],"eventual":[1281],"introduction":[1282],"mainland":[1289],"represented":[1290,3226],"unraveling":[1292],"norms":[1294],"militarized":[1296],"deeply":[1298,2429],"woven":[1299],"assumptions":[1302],"own":[1305,4112],"society.":[1306],"result,":[1309],"what":[1310,3522],"aroused":[1312],"outrage":[1313,3291,3557],"barely":[1315],"elicits":[1316],"notice.IIn":[1317],"years":[1319,3315,4335],"wars,":[1322],"lurid":[1323],"visions":[1324,1745,3393],"dangers":[1327],"posed":[1328,2983],"leftist":[1336],"critics":[1337,2039],"rearmament.":[1339],"H.":[1340,1901,2187],"G.":[1341,1902],"Wells's":[1342,1903],"Shape":[1344],"Things":[1346],"Come":[1348],"(1933)":[1349],"detailed":[1350,4382],"possibility":[1352,2196,2587,3439,3781],"New":[1356],"York":[1357],"reduced,":[1360],"\"after":[1361],"clamor":[1363],"running":[1365],"writhing":[1367],"choking,":[1369],"cityful":[1372],"distorted":[1374],"corpses.\"18":[1375],"Antiwar":[1376],"pressure":[1377,3916],"groups":[1378],"Union":[1381,2042],"Democratic":[1383,2044],"Control":[1384],"warned":[1385,2048],"masks,":[1387],"drills,":[1388],"preventive":[1391],"measures":[1392],"amounted":[1393],"\"a":[1395,2404,3637],"very":[1396,2897],"cruel":[1397],"deception\"":[1398],"destructive":[1401],"potential":[1402,2051,2646,2776],"immense.":[1409],"Other":[1410,1785],"pacifists":[1411],"argued":[1412,2018,2804,3211],"stockpiling":[1414],"behest":[1418],"\"militarists":[1420],"war-mongers\"":[1422],"increase":[1425],"likelihood":[1427],"war\u2014the":[1429],"ultimate":[1430],"aim":[1431],"\"Capitalist":[1433],"Imperialism.\"19":[1434],"Norman":[1435],"Anglin's":[1436],"polemical":[1437],"play":[1438],"Poison":[1439],"(1928),":[1441,3947,3950],"decades":[1444],"future,":[1447],"depicted":[1448],"arms":[1450],"manufacturer":[1451],"floating":[1452],"airtight":[1455],"yacht":[1456],"Mediterranean":[1459],"triggering":[1461],"name":[1467],"Darwinism:":[1470],"\"Gas":[1471],"strikers,":[1473],"malcontents,":[1476],"who":[1480,1498,1555,1664,1816,2546,3715],"won't":[1481,1499,1502],"behave":[1482],"themselves.":[1483],"\u2026":[1484,1678,2339,2345,2416,2556,2608,2785,2792,3117,3323],"overpopulated,":[1488],"food":[1492],"go":[1494,1505,3127],"round,":[1495],"therefore":[1496],"work,":[1500],"help,":[1503],"must":[1504],"wall.\"20On":[1508],"side,":[1511],"support":[1512],"weaponized":[1514,2133],"exclusively":[1518],"right-wing":[1520],"phenomenon:":[1521],"perhaps":[1522],"best-known":[1524],"proponent,":[1525],"Cambridge":[1526],"scientist":[1527],"J.":[1528,3049],"B.":[1529],"S.":[1530],"Haldane,":[1531,1559,2750],"ardent":[1534],"Marxist.":[1535],"warfare":[1541,1640,1789,2037,2067,2461,2583,2665,3510,3658,3790,3892,4054],"wars":[1544,2517],"dominated":[1546],"officers,":[1549],"advised":[1556],"them.":[1557],"Like":[1558,2303],"seized":[1561],"language":[1564,3490],"expertise":[1566],"portray":[1568],"product":[1575],"ignorance\u2014an":[1577],"irrational":[1578],"fear":[1579,1998,2721],"novel":[1582],"unknown.":[1585],"Chemicals,":[1586],"aviation,":[1588],"promised":[1589,1714,2309,2433,3155],"technological":[1597,3242],"prowess":[1598],"might":[1599,1854,1884,2364,3446,4214],"substitute":[1600],"mass":[1602,2628],"armies":[1603],"massive":[1606],"casualties":[1607,1626],"went":[1609],"them.21":[1611],"Pointing":[1612],"far":[1618,3373],"fewer":[1619,1715],"fatalities":[1620],"proportion":[1623],"total":[1625],"artillery":[1628,1851],"gunfire":[1630,1849],"during":[1631,1943,4122,4236],"champions":[1637,1786],"touted":[1638],"humane":[1643,2757],"innovation":[1644],"opened":[1647],"way":[1649,3102],"achieving":[1651],"battlefield":[1652],"objectives":[1653],"relatively":[1656],"bloodless":[1657,3232],"way.22":[1658],"chemist":[1661,1815],"James":[1662],"Kendall,":[1663],"American":[1669],"direct":[1674],"object":[1675],"massacre":[1682],"enemy,":[1684],"him":[1688],"submission.\"":[1690],"Soldiers":[1691,4444],"incapacitated":[1692],"wounds":[1695],"imposed":[1696],"greater":[1698],"logistical":[1699,2157],"burden":[1700,3273],"enemy":[1703,1773,1875,2338,2840],"dead":[1706],"counterparts.":[1707],"War":[1708,1904,2181,2845,4050],"fought":[1709],"means":[1712,2300,2714,3536],"thus":[1713,2658,3225],"deaths,":[1716],"expense,":[1718],"outcomes":[1720],"determined":[1721],"technical":[1723,1960],"sophistication":[1724,2470,3243],"brute":[1727,3246],"force.23This":[1728],"rationalist":[1729],"coexisted":[1733],"argument":[1738],"warfare\u2014one":[1741],"based":[1742],"uniquely":[1750],"powerful":[1751,1953],"superweapon.":[1752],"surreal":[1754],"capacities":[1755],"officials":[1758,3261,3775,3956],"imagined":[1759],"\"near":[1764],"future\"":[1765],"1919":[1767,2856,2918],"included":[1768],"dissolving":[1769],"troops":[1774,2161,2363,2913],"jamming":[1776],"machine":[1777,4424],"guns":[1778,4388],"clotting":[1780],"oil":[1782],"them.24":[1784],"ascribed":[1790],"almost":[1794],"mystical":[1795],"capacity":[1796],"penetrate":[1798],"reshape":[1800],"environment":[1802],"diffusing":[1804],"air.":[1807],"According":[1808],"Brigadier":[1810,2184],"General":[1811,2185,4142],"Harold":[1812],"Hartley,":[1813],"rose":[1817,1940],"rank":[1820],"lieutenant":[1822],"colonel":[1823],"Front,":[1827],"\"gas":[1828,2766],"can":[1834,2743],"produce":[1835],"continuous":[1836],"time":[1840,2285,3355,3477,3857],"space.\"":[1842],"In":[1843,2177,2372,2387,3623,3720,3796,3994],"contrast":[1844],"barrage":[1847],"shells,":[1852],"days,":[1857],"\"there":[1859],"need":[1860],"gaps":[1863],"cloud.\"":[1867],"precise":[1871],"location":[1872],"unknown,":[1877],"dispatched":[1879],"right":[1882,3706],"direction":[1883],"drift,":[1885],"sink,":[1886],"seep":[1888],"found":[1891,3267],"mark.":[1893],"black":[1895],"smoke":[1896],"Martians":[1899],"Worlds":[1907],"(1898)":[1908],"exactly":[1911],"way,":[1914,2374],"Hartley":[1915,1981],"marveled.":[1916],"Captain":[1917],"Basil":[1918],"Liddell":[1919,4200],"Hart":[1920,2735],"agreed":[1921],"occupy":[1925],"space":[1926,2323,3018],"\"even":[1930],"quickest":[1932],"firing":[1933],"gun.\"25Like":[1934],"bombing":[1936],"campaigns":[1937,3751],"prominence":[1942],"attacks":[1949,2024,3069],"reasons.":[1961],"What":[1962],"planners":[1964],"later":[1965,3589,4094],"called":[1966],"\"shock":[1967],"awe\"":[1969],"termed":[1972],"\"moral":[1974,3630,4274],"effect\":":[1975],"demoralization":[1976],"confusion.26":[1980],"tallied":[1982],"up":[1983,4512],"nerve-racking":[1985],"qualities":[1986],"gas:":[1988,2641],"ill-understood":[1990],"danger,":[1991],"constant":[1993],"strain":[1994],"watchfulness,":[1996],"properties,":[2005],"feeling":[2009],"confinement":[2011],"wearing":[2013],"respirator.\"":[2015],"Hart,":[2016,4201],"too,":[2017],"noiseless":[2020],"invisible":[2022],"contained":[2025],"useful":[2027],"element":[2028],"surprise.27":[2030],"Here,":[2031],"ironically,":[2032],"echoed":[2038],"Control,":[2045],"whose":[2046],"members":[2047],"cause":[2053,3121,3621,4353],"\"panic,":[2054],"fear,":[2055],"incapacity":[2058],"area.\"":[2062],"navigated":[2068],"uneasy":[2070],"tension":[2071],"awestruck":[2073],"appreciation":[2074],"apparently":[2077],"unprecedented":[2078],"power":[2079,4156],"dispassionate":[2081],"insistence":[2082],"irrationality":[2085],"imposing":[2087,3234],"restrictions.28The":[2088],"aerial":[2096,2453,3402],"bombardment,":[2097],"emerged":[2098],"alluring":[2101],"solution":[2102],"rebellions":[2105],"roiled":[2107],"postwar":[2109],"South":[2112],"Asia,":[2113],"East,":[2116],"Africa.":[2118],"serving":[2120],"secretary":[2123,3208,3340,3584,3800,4159],"1919,":[2125,2179],"Winston":[2126],"Churchill":[2127,2167,2282,2772,3870],"infamously":[2128],"rebels":[2136,4080],"Iraq\u2014an":[2138],"idea":[2139],"mooted":[2141],"Royal":[2143],"Air":[2144,3835],"Force":[2145],"(RAF)":[2146],"officers":[2147,2214,3812,4268],"country\u2014although":[2150],"his":[2151,2180,2247,2284,2871],"cabinet":[2152,3805,3927,4147,4253,4291,4351,4435,4505],"colleagues":[2153],"strenuously":[2154],"disagreed":[2155],"difficulties":[2158],"prevented":[2159],"deploying":[2163],"anyway.29":[2165],"Undeterred,":[2166],"proposed":[2169],"waging":[2170],"troubled":[2175],"region.":[2176],"June":[2178],"Office":[2182,2846,3840,4091,4321],"sent":[2183],"C.":[2186,3051],"Foulkes":[2188,2245,2375,2540,2592,2803,2869,2937,2974,3036],"three-month":[2191],"tour":[2192],"investigate":[2194,4345],"gassing":[2198],"perpetually":[2200],"restive":[2201],"tribes":[2202,2932],"North-West":[2205,2263,3430],"Frontier":[2206,2264,2574],"India.":[2208],"Although":[2209,3666,4415],"majority":[2211],"frontier":[2217,2472,2484,2884],"favored":[2218],"administrators":[2224,3919],"mostly":[2225],"opposed":[2226],"So":[2228],"viceroy,":[2231],"Frederic":[2232],"Thesiger,":[2233,2542],"commander-in-chief":[2236],"India,":[2241],"Charles":[2242],"Monro.":[2243],"allies":[2248,2872],"mounted":[2249],"energetic":[2251],"benefits":[2255],"nonetheless.30In":[2259],"ways,":[2261],"natural":[2267],"setting":[2268],"warfare.":[2271],"\"punitive":[2277,2377],"expedition\"\u2014practiced":[2278],"by,":[2279],"others,":[2281],"Indian":[2288,3593],"Army\u2014aimed":[2289],"displacing":[2291],"fractious":[2292],"populations":[2293],"destroying":[2295],"homes":[2297],"subsistence.31":[2302],"advance":[2311,2633],"goals":[2313],"simply":[2315,2536,4098],"inflicting":[2317],"injury":[2318],"regulating":[2322],"restricting":[2325,2730],"movement.32":[2326],"Precisely":[2327],"lingered,":[2330],"\"[deny]":[2333],"certain":[2334,2733,4061,4071],"points":[2335],"lay":[2340],"traps":[2341],"him,":[2343],"contaminate":[2346],"ground":[2347],"villages":[2349],"sources":[2352],"water":[2354],"supply.\"":[2355],"Mountainous":[2356],"terrain":[2357],"easily":[2359,3421],"held":[2360,2893],"rendered":[2368],"inhabitable":[2369],"others.":[2371],"concluded,":[2376],"expeditions":[2378],"facilitated":[2382],"using":[2384,3679,3817],"shells.\"33":[2386],"striking":[2389,4394],"metaphor,":[2390],"spiritual":[2392],"godfather":[2393],"counterinsurgency,":[2396,3233],"T.":[2397],"E.":[2398],"Lawrence,":[2399],"guerrilla":[2401],"thing":[2405],"invulnerable,":[2406],"intangible,":[2407],"front":[2409],"back,":[2411],"drifting":[2412],"vapor":[2418],"blowing":[2419],"we":[2421],"listed.\"":[2422],"Traditional":[2423],"armies,":[2424],"contrast,":[2426],"rooted":[2430],"\"plants.\"34":[2431],"playing":[2437],"field":[2438],"mimicking":[2440,3463],"elusive,":[2442],"ethereal":[2443],"quality":[2444],"enemy.Mirroring":[2447]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2019-08-29T00:00:00"}
