{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2969025762","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519867141","title":"Does the Demographic Structure Affect Outbound Tourism Demand? A Panel Smooth Transition Regression Approach","display_name":"Does the Demographic Structure Affect Outbound Tourism Demand? A Panel Smooth Transition Regression Approach","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2969025762","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519867141","mag":"2969025762"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0047287519867141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519867141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519867141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157485431","display_name":"Journal of Travel Research","issn_l":"0047-2875","issn":["0047-2875","1552-6763"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","fnege-4","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Travel Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396717","display_name":"Zhiyong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7167-9071","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7167-9071"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Tourism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Tourism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000541526","display_name":"Haoyu Shu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-2137","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-2137"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Tourism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Tourism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051300102","display_name":"Ting Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1969-4108","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1969-4108"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Tourism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Tourism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025927856","display_name":"Songshan Sam Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-2788","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-2788"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songshan (Sam) Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-2788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078569728","display_name":"Jianping Zha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3087-218X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3087-218X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianping Zha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Tourism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3087-218X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Tourism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078569728"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.149,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9465205,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"5","first_page":"893","last_page":"908"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10055","display_name":"Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1409","display_name":"Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10055","display_name":"Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1409","display_name":"Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11793","display_name":"Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1409","display_name":"Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12681","display_name":"Global Healthcare and Medical Tourism","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1409","display_name":"Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-structure","display_name":"demographic structure","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/panel-smooth-transition-regression","display_name":"panel smooth transition regression","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-effects","display_name":"nonlinear effects","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-constraints","display_name":"income constraints","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-factors","display_name":"demographic factors","score":0.48100000619888306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18918823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49389","display_name":"Tourism","level":2,"score":0.823890209197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.7679067850112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703","display_name":"Premise","level":2,"score":0.5818558931350708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986043164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demographic change","level":3,"score":0.5427525043487549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.46745094656944275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4635201394557953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4562164843082428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.447135865688324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.4104689359664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.39626002311706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.33490991592407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2531513571739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.12831440567970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09078821539878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08477884531021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.07859861850738525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07804888486862183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0047287519867141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519867141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519867141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157485431","display_name":"Journal of Travel Research","issn_l":"0047-2875","issn":["0047-2875","1552-6763"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","fnege-4","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Travel Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ro.ecu.edu.au:ecuworkspost2013-9126","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013/8120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401966","display_name":"Edith Cowan University Research Online (Edith Cowan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","host_organization_name":"Edith Cowan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research outputs 2014 to 2021","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7257999777793884},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5676000118255615}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335869","display_name":"National Social Science Fund of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W152362365","https://openalex.org/W1505130117","https://openalex.org/W1520957277","https://openalex.org/W1521952623","https://openalex.org/W1552465175","https://openalex.org/W1566040815","https://openalex.org/W1567373114","https://openalex.org/W1615223937","https://openalex.org/W1964317314","https://openalex.org/W1967797553","https://openalex.org/W1970549348","https://openalex.org/W1973676769","https://openalex.org/W1974180526","https://openalex.org/W1974639465","https://openalex.org/W1977634197","https://openalex.org/W1978125572","https://openalex.org/W1980200745","https://openalex.org/W1980799352","https://openalex.org/W1986618100","https://openalex.org/W1988650889","https://openalex.org/W1989255289","https://openalex.org/W1991312461","https://openalex.org/W1997876036","https://openalex.org/W1999834672","https://openalex.org/W2002690972","https://openalex.org/W2002699286","https://openalex.org/W2006746888","https://openalex.org/W2020132534","https://openalex.org/W2022220920","https://openalex.org/W2022807122","https://openalex.org/W2023713878","https://openalex.org/W2026623931","https://openalex.org/W2026711736","https://openalex.org/W2037079601","https://openalex.org/W2038785495","https://openalex.org/W2043290909","https://openalex.org/W2046278029","https://openalex.org/W2048888318","https://openalex.org/W2049521815","https://openalex.org/W2050176489","https://openalex.org/W2064177242","https://openalex.org/W2073556615","https://openalex.org/W2078067430","https://openalex.org/W2081908573","https://openalex.org/W2085424344","https://openalex.org/W2093154395","https://openalex.org/W2094931587","https://openalex.org/W2096727106","https://openalex.org/W2097733665","https://openalex.org/W2111601585","https://openalex.org/W2125455464","https://openalex.org/W2137390609","https://openalex.org/W2140210780","https://openalex.org/W2144200354","https://openalex.org/W2144629261","https://openalex.org/W2153827064","https://openalex.org/W2156611476","https://openalex.org/W2157102566","https://openalex.org/W2157809841","https://openalex.org/W2160048848","https://openalex.org/W2161783859","https://openalex.org/W2235257134","https://openalex.org/W2616418688","https://openalex.org/W2774778333","https://openalex.org/W2794573600","https://openalex.org/W2894471987","https://openalex.org/W3005111451","https://openalex.org/W3123364433","https://openalex.org/W3125732539","https://openalex.org/W4236378158","https://openalex.org/W4244174813"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997560242","https://openalex.org/W3151014937","https://openalex.org/W3025330171","https://openalex.org/W2514431367","https://openalex.org/W2809449818","https://openalex.org/W2993989752","https://openalex.org/W4382584780","https://openalex.org/W3015567891","https://openalex.org/W2786710104","https://openalex.org/W3017808660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"aims":[2],"to":[3,36,101],"examine":[4],"the":[5,8,24,53,67,91],"relationship":[6,43],"between":[7,44],"demographic":[9,45,54,70,103],"structure":[10],"and":[11,21,47,51],"outbound":[12,48,73],"tourism":[13,49,74],"demand":[14,50,75],"using":[15],"panel":[16,28],"data":[17],"from":[18],"72":[19],"countries":[20],"regions":[22],"during":[23],"2000-2014":[25],"period.":[26],"A":[27],"smooth":[29],"transition":[30],"regression":[31],"(PSTR)":[32],"model":[33],"is":[34,40],"employed":[35],"prove":[37],"that":[38,52,66],"there":[39],"a":[41],"nonlinear":[42],"factors":[46,71],"effects":[55],"can":[56,88],"vary":[57],"under":[58],"different":[59,95,102],"income":[60,79],"regimes.":[61],"The":[62],"empirical":[63],"results":[64],"indicate":[65],"impacts":[68],"of":[69,94],"on":[72,84],"change":[76],"significantly":[77],"when":[78],"constraints":[80],"are":[81,98],"relaxed.":[82],"Based":[83],"this":[85],"premise,":[86],"we":[87],"better":[89],"understand":[90],"travel":[92],"characteristics":[93],"groups,":[96],"which":[97],"subdivided":[99],"according":[100],"factors.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2019-08-22T00:00:00"}