{"id":"https://openalex.org/W296815896","doi":null,"title":"Factors Affecting Juvenile Waiver to Adult Court in a Large Midwestern Jurisdiction","display_name":"Factors Affecting Juvenile Waiver to Adult Court in a Large Midwestern Jurisdiction","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W296815896","mag":"296815896"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:296815896","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-2980247931/factors-affecting-juvenile-waiver-to-adult-court-in","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016815570","display_name":"Maisha N. Cooper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7505-608X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7505-608X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maisha N. Cooper","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045861583","display_name":"Lynn S. Urban","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lynn S. Urban","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10008688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"12","first_page":"43","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13101","display_name":"Legal and Social Justice Studies","score":0.45239999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13101","display_name":"Legal and Social Justice Studies","score":0.45239999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.25929999351501465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.0989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-waiver","display_name":"juvenile waiver","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-to-adult-court","display_name":"transfer to adult court","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-delinquency","display_name":"juvenile delinquency","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-justice","display_name":"juvenile justice","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adult-criminal-courts","display_name":"adult criminal courts","score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-offenders","display_name":"juvenile offenders","score":0.3529999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777711708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468501","display_name":"Juvenile court","level":3,"score":0.8012257814407349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71376074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1001125","display_name":"Juvenile delinquency","level":2,"score":0.7861003875732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777543875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797551","display_name":"Waiver","level":2,"score":0.7367146611213684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204434341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357789","display_name":"Adjudication","level":2,"score":0.6264848709106445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778272461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190752","display_name":"Supreme court","level":2,"score":0.601118266582489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6009830832481384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5799480676651001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776949292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471855","display_name":"Jurisdiction","level":2,"score":0.51910400390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4940522015094757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83645499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285466","display_name":"Punitive damages","level":2,"score":0.48961764574050903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.4641064405441284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.296100378036499}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:296815896","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-2980247931/factors-affecting-juvenile-waiver-to-adult-court-in","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9200000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402360790","https://openalex.org/W2931145679","https://openalex.org/W2120900428","https://openalex.org/W1622589318","https://openalex.org/W2161711910","https://openalex.org/W7101167512","https://openalex.org/W7027019490","https://openalex.org/W4392045388","https://openalex.org/W4389625338","https://openalex.org/W2152552032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"research":[1,455],"was":[2,230,239],"supported":[3],"by":[4,28,145,491,593],"funds":[5],"from":[6,105,530],"the":[7,12,21,43,51,57,81,85,165,169,178,185,190,203,252,269,278,297,307,316,319,327,337,348,410,422,428,451,467,475,492,496,500,535,542,547,591,601],"McNair":[8],"Scholars":[9],"Program":[10],"at":[11],"University":[13],"of":[14,42,53,84,108,137,157,171,192,221,264,293,303,324,368,424,445,453,477,495,505,537,559,590],"Central":[15],"MissouriIntroductionSince":[16],"its":[17,37],"inception":[18],"in":[19,65,199,202,268,277,322,344,380,394,398,458,484,534,557],"1899,":[20],"juvenile":[22,32,54,206,266,400,512,595,602],"justice":[23,430],"system":[24,180,299,321],"has":[25,98],"been":[26],"plagued":[27],"public":[29],"reaction":[30],"to":[31,46,56,177,189,274,287,296,318,330,363,391,427,435,449,465,516,532,541,598],"delinquency":[33,211],"and":[34,39,74,87,155,195,232,323,342,413,479,499,502,561],"criticism":[35],"over":[36],"tactics":[38],"philosophy.":[40],"One":[41],"latest":[44],"practices":[45],"come":[47],"under":[48,378,383,566],"fire":[49],"is":[50,300,314,352,433,448,569],"transfer":[52,118,317,471,485],"offenders":[55,412],"adult":[58,179,279,298,320,332,345,354,395,517],"criminal":[59,280,429,518],"court.":[60],"Recent":[61],"Supreme":[62],"Court":[63],"decisions":[64],"Roper":[66],"v.":[67,71,76],"Simmons":[68],"(2005),":[69],"Graham":[70],"Florida":[72],"(2010)":[73],"Miller":[75],"Alabama":[77],"(2012)":[78],"have":[79,247],"highlighted":[80],"controversial":[82],"nature":[83],"practice":[86],"a":[88,124,134,228,236,399,454,459,511,555,594],"movement":[89],"toward":[90],"less":[91,261],"punitive":[92],"policies":[93],"for":[94,251],"young":[95],"offenders.":[96,187],"Evidence":[97],"surfaced":[99],"that":[100,117,140,289,335,415,463,469,510],"juveniles":[101,166,175,304,426],"are":[102,120,142,153,181,306,386,439,507],"truly":[103],"different":[104],"adults":[106],"because":[107],"key":[109,480],"brain":[110],"function":[111],"development,":[112],"as":[113,115,184,419,421],"well":[114,420],"evidence":[116],"laws":[119,147],"not":[121,315],"effective":[122],"nor":[123],"deterrent":[125],"(Arya":[126],"&":[127,149,214,242,257,406,573],"Augarton,":[128],"2008;":[129],"Griffin,":[130],"2008).":[131,608],"In":[132,365],"addition,":[133,381],"substantial":[135],"amount":[136],"literature":[138],"documents":[139],"minorities":[141],"disproportionately":[143],"affected":[144],"such":[146],"(Poe-Yamagata":[148],"Jones,":[150],"2000).These":[151],"issues":[152,163],"far-reaching":[154],"certainly":[156],"great":[158],"concern,":[159],"but":[160,326],"two":[161],"specific":[162],"regarding":[164,474],"themselves":[167],"highlight":[168],"importance":[170],"this":[172,290,446],"topic.":[173],"First,":[174],"transferred":[176],"typically":[182],"seen":[183],"worst":[308],"According":[188],"Office":[191],"Juvenile":[193],"Justice":[194],"Delinquency":[196],"Prevention":[197],"(OJJDP),":[198],"2005,":[200,366],"courts":[201],"U.S.":[204,270],"with":[205],"jurisdiction":[207,462],"handled":[208,225],"1.7":[209],"million":[210],"cases":[212,223,267],"(Adams":[213,241,256],"Addie,":[215,243,258],"2009).":[216],"More":[217],"than":[218,262,397],"half":[219],"(56%)":[220],"these":[222,441],"were":[224,271,376],"formally,":[226],"meaning":[227],"petition":[229],"filed":[231],"either":[233],"adjudication":[234],"or":[235,310,356,524,581],"waiver":[237,478,548,568,605],"hearing":[238],"requested":[240],"2010).":[244,259],"These":[245],"proportions":[246],"remained":[248],"fairly":[249],"steady":[250],"last":[253],"few":[254],"years":[255],"However,":[260],"1%":[263],"petitioned":[265],"judicially":[272],"waived":[273,295,515],"be":[275,285,360,417,488,514,578],"tried":[276],"court":[281,596],"system.":[282],"It":[283],"would":[284],"easy":[286],"assume":[288],"small":[291],"percentage":[292],"youth":[294,377,382],"made":[301],"up":[302,554],"who":[305],"violent":[309],"chronic":[311],"offenders.Second,":[312],"it":[313,432],"itself,":[325],"possible":[328],"sentencing":[329],"an":[331,353,587],"correctional":[333],"facility":[334,402],"poses":[336],"most":[338],"risk.":[339],"Once":[340],"convicted":[341],"sentenced":[343],"court,":[346],"often":[347],"only":[349],"placement":[350],"available":[351],"jail":[355,396],"prison":[357],"which":[358,437,567],"can":[359,513],"extremely":[361],"detrimental":[362],"youth.":[364],"21%":[367],"all":[369],"substantiated":[370],"inmate-to-":[371],"inmate":[372],"sexual":[373],"assault":[374],"victims":[375],"agel8;":[379],"age":[384],"18":[385],"36":[387],"times":[388],"more":[389],"likely":[390],"commit":[392],"suicide":[393],"detention":[401],"(Arya,":[403],"Ryan,":[404],"Sandoval,":[405],"Kudma,":[407],"2007).":[408],"Given":[409],"serious":[411],"offenses":[414],"may":[416,577],"involved,":[418],"consequences":[423],"transferring":[425],"system,":[431],"important":[434],"assess":[436],"factors":[438],"influencing":[440],"decisions.":[442,472],"The":[443],"purpose":[444],"paper":[447],"report":[450],"results":[452,494],"study":[456],"conducted":[457],"large":[460],"Midwestern":[461],"sought":[464],"identify":[466],"variables":[468],"predict":[470],"Information":[473],"types":[476],"statistics":[481],"on":[482,586],"trends":[483],"procedure":[486],"will":[487],"presented,":[489],"followed":[490],"methodology,":[493],"present":[497],"study,":[498],"conclusions":[501],"policy":[503],"recommendations.Types":[504],"WaiverThere":[506],"three":[508],"ways":[509],"court:":[519],"judicial":[520],"waiver,":[521,523,560],"prosecutorial":[522],"legislative":[525],"waiver.":[526],"Waiver":[527],"provisions":[528],"differ":[529],"state":[531,533],"degree":[536],"decision-making":[538],"flexibility":[539],"allowed":[540],"courts.":[543],"Some":[544],"states":[545],"make":[546],"decision":[549],"entirely":[550],"discretionary.":[551],"Others":[552],"set":[553],"presumption":[556],"favor":[558],"still":[562],"others":[563],"specify":[564],"circumstances":[565],"mandatory":[570],"(Griffin,":[571,607],"Torbet":[572],"Szymanski,":[574],"1998).Judicial":[575],"waivers":[576,584],"discretionary,":[579],"presumptive,":[580],"mandatory.":[582],"Discretionary":[583],"rely":[585],"individualized":[588],"assessment":[589],"case":[592],"judge":[597],"determine":[599],"if":[600],"meets":[603],"minimum":[604],"criteria":[606],"\u2026":[609]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}