{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2967582992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/gco.0000000000000566","title":"Diversity and inclusion: the role of unconscious bias on patient care, health outcomes and the workforce in obstetrics and gynaecology","display_name":"Diversity and inclusion: the role of unconscious bias on patient care, health outcomes and the workforce in obstetrics and gynaecology","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2967582992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/gco.0000000000000566","mag":"2967582992","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31415246"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/gco.0000000000000566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/gco.0000000000000566","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/gco.0000000000000566","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203280300","display_name":"Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology","issn_l":"1040-872X","issn":["1040-872X","1080-8256","1473-656X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Opinion in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080981574","display_name":"Cynthia Arvizo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9682-6861","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9682-6861"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I901861585","display_name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05dq2gs74","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162197","https://openalex.org/I901861585"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia Arvizo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery Fellow, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]","fax: +1 216 232 9770"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery Fellow, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I901861585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"fax: +1 216 232 9770","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027372892","display_name":"Etoi Garrison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2163-0277","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2163-0277"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I901861585","display_name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05dq2gs74","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162197","https://openalex.org/I901861585"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Etoi Garrison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery Fellow, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]","fax: +1 216 232 9770"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery Fellow, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I901861585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"fax: +1 216 232 9770","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080981574"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I901861585"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3149,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59064327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"5","first_page":"356","last_page":"362"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10843","display_name":"Diversity and Career in Medicine","score":0.9286999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10843","display_name":"Diversity and Career in Medicine","score":0.9286999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12194","display_name":"Cultural Competency in Health Care","score":0.061799999326467514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13252","display_name":"Sex and Gender in Healthcare","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-and-inclusion","display_name":"diversity and inclusion","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implicit-bias","display_name":"implicit bias","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstetrics-and-gynecology","display_name":"obstetrics and gynecology","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-disparities","display_name":"health disparities","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-care","display_name":"patient care","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-outcomes","display_name":"health outcomes","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-workforce","display_name":"medical workforce","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-trainees","display_name":"medical trainees","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/faculty-job-satisfaction","display_name":"faculty satisfaction","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underserved-populations","display_name":"underserved populations","score":0.8050000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.751182496547699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115786838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192105","display_name":"Unconscious mind","level":2,"score":0.7146326899528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.6831210255622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6759440302848816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10885799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80015","display_name":"Obstetrics and gynaecology","level":3,"score":0.6083707213401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.5715557336807251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5658296942710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5417353510856628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778397978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501335","display_name":"Gender diversity","level":3,"score":0.4798443019390106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.38287782669067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.36187949776649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.24157410860061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.22100964188575745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.18471133708953857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000078329","descriptor_name":"Workforce","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006176","descriptor_name":"Gynecology","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009774","descriptor_name":"Obstetrics","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010817","descriptor_name":"Physician-Patient Relations","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011287","descriptor_name":"Prejudice","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017063","descriptor_name":"Outcome Assessment, Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018864","descriptor_name":"Cultural Diversity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054625","descriptor_name":"Healthcare Disparities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/gco.0000000000000566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/gco.0000000000000566","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/gco.0000000000000566","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203280300","display_name":"Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology","issn_l":"1040-872X","issn":["1040-872X","1080-8256","1473-656X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Opinion in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31415246","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31415246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9391000270843506},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.8974000215530396},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.6000000238418579}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1610470214","https://openalex.org/W1895927552","https://openalex.org/W2074993124","https://openalex.org/W2075949702","https://openalex.org/W2113446941","https://openalex.org/W2117737167","https://openalex.org/W2118223767","https://openalex.org/W2145172939","https://openalex.org/W2146718751","https://openalex.org/W2262251735","https://openalex.org/W2279273215","https://openalex.org/W2281987426","https://openalex.org/W2286701001","https://openalex.org/W2325831870","https://openalex.org/W2549434275","https://openalex.org/W2561038079","https://openalex.org/W2563008822","https://openalex.org/W2564581941","https://openalex.org/W2594395949","https://openalex.org/W2594519269","https://openalex.org/W2765555200","https://openalex.org/W2765942869","https://openalex.org/W2769247267","https://openalex.org/W2774948137","https://openalex.org/W2783803193","https://openalex.org/W2802021750","https://openalex.org/W2884342151","https://openalex.org/W2893139883","https://openalex.org/W2895109500","https://openalex.org/W2895201317","https://openalex.org/W2895264723","https://openalex.org/W2897807905","https://openalex.org/W2901401327","https://openalex.org/W2903122459","https://openalex.org/W2904161912","https://openalex.org/W2910154696","https://openalex.org/W2911188335","https://openalex.org/W2914656199","https://openalex.org/W2921089537","https://openalex.org/W2938736386","https://openalex.org/W2943874325","https://openalex.org/W6636350208","https://openalex.org/W6695552001"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101435687","https://openalex.org/W4296163201","https://openalex.org/W7138959285","https://openalex.org/W4312056558","https://openalex.org/W2892731879","https://openalex.org/W4407256414","https://openalex.org/W4308038190","https://openalex.org/W7009158737","https://openalex.org/W4401602662","https://openalex.org/W4414078271"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE":[0],"OF":[1],"REVIEW:":[2],"Although":[3],"the":[4,10,17,22,30,46,51,65],"business":[5],"world":[6],"has":[7],"long":[8],"recognized":[9],"benefits":[11],"of":[12,19],"diversity":[13,54],"and":[14,16,67,84,98,103,115],"inclusion":[15,97],"effects":[18],"unconscious":[20,43,71,99],"bias,":[21],"discourse":[23],"is":[24],"just":[25],"now":[26],"gaining":[27],"traction":[28],"in":[29,45,101],"medical":[31,52,113],"field.":[32],"In":[33,50,91],"addition,":[34],"many":[35],"businesses":[36],"have":[37],"developed":[38],"key":[39],"initiatives":[40],"to":[41,56,62,108],"address":[42],"bias":[44,72,100],"workplace.":[47],"RECENT":[48],"FINDINGS:":[49],"field,":[53],"leads":[55],"improved":[57],"health":[58,76,111],"outcomes,":[59,112],"increased":[60],"access":[61],"healthcare":[63],"by":[64],"underserved":[66],"more":[68],"innovation.":[69],"However,":[70],"may":[73],"inadvertently":[74],"propagate":[75],"disparities,":[77],"affect":[78],"trainee":[79],"evaluations,":[80],"hinder":[81],"faculty":[82,114],"satisfaction":[83],"exclude":[85],"populations":[86],"from":[87],"meaningful":[88],"research.":[89],"SUMMARY:":[90],"this":[92],"review,":[93],"we":[94],"discuss":[95,119],"diversity,":[96],"obstetrics":[102],"gynaecology,":[104],"as":[105],"it":[106],"relates":[107],"patient":[109],"care,":[110],"trainees.":[116],"We":[117],"also":[118],"potential":[120],"interventions":[121],"that":[122],"mitigate":[123],"these":[124],"issues.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2019-08-22T00:00:00"}
