{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2966538569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hvzyx","title":"Psychometric Models of Individual Differences in Reading Comprehension: A Reanalysis of Freed, Hamilton, and Long (2017)","display_name":"Psychometric Models of Individual Differences in Reading Comprehension: A Reanalysis of Freed, Hamilton, and Long (2017)","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2966538569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hvzyx","mag":"2966538569"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/hvzyx","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hvzyx","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hvzyx","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hvzyx","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009811823","display_name":"Sara Anne Goring","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2410-8596","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2410-8596"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169335092","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Greensboro","ror":"https://ror.org/04fnxsj42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169335092"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Anne Goring","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina at Greensboro"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina at Greensboro","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169335092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025751613","display_name":"Christopher J. Schmank","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-4810","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-4810"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169335092","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Greensboro","ror":"https://ror.org/04fnxsj42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169335092"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher J. Schmank","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina at Greensboro"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-4810","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina at Greensboro","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169335092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035039255","display_name":"Michael J. Kane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6965-5430","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6965-5430"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136722135","display_name":"Claremont Graduate University","ror":"https://ror.org/0157pnt69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Kane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Claremont Graduate University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Claremont Graduate University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070727113","display_name":"Andrew R. A. Conway","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-9930","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-9930"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169335092","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Greensboro","ror":"https://ror.org/04fnxsj42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169335092"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew R. A. Conway","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina at Greensboro"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina at Greensboro","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169335092"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.5303000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.5303000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.29829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.10679999738931656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"reading comprehension","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-differences","display_name":"individual differences","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-variable-modeling","display_name":"latent variable models","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-validity","display_name":"measurement validity","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-experience","display_name":"language experience","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reasoning","display_name":"reasoning","score":0.8169999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51167844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4422623","display_name":"Latent variable","level":2,"score":0.7594138383865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.6520153284072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.6206687688827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.604830265045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.6017055511474609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5969967842102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.5827025175094604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.5561196804046631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5012543201446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.4742000699043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120107772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168554","display_name":"Discriminant validity","level":4,"score":0.43887045979499817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42720186710357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.36603057384490967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3465730547904968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33524224162101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.33350324630737305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3316742181777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.21792647242546082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1348903775215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018868096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2693233","display_name":"Internal consistency","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/hvzyx","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hvzyx","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hvzyx","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.17605/osf.io/urkqp","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/urkqp","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:46215-56C-46B","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.31234/OSF.IO/HVZYX","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:564b4762-309c-46de-ad74-11d79f32dbbd","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/hvzyx","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/hvzyx","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hvzyx","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hvzyx","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12192441","https://openalex.org/W51890710","https://openalex.org/W1484864026","https://openalex.org/W1485086403","https://openalex.org/W1536975410","https://openalex.org/W1576307805","https://openalex.org/W1591618752","https://openalex.org/W1855539512","https://openalex.org/W1919216911","https://openalex.org/W1965085721","https://openalex.org/W1971126049","https://openalex.org/W1977775666","https://openalex.org/W1980037258","https://openalex.org/W1981949323","https://openalex.org/W1993518153","https://openalex.org/W2008050384","https://openalex.org/W2014346445","https://openalex.org/W2014533626","https://openalex.org/W2014781793","https://openalex.org/W2022848219","https://openalex.org/W2024297060","https://openalex.org/W2028171121","https://openalex.org/W2030427221","https://openalex.org/W2040890982","https://openalex.org/W2050884075","https://openalex.org/W2050929400","https://openalex.org/W2054136309","https://openalex.org/W2058182569","https://openalex.org/W2061540482","https://openalex.org/W2063114318","https://openalex.org/W2064422062","https://openalex.org/W2072875864","https://openalex.org/W2073919454","https://openalex.org/W2074703312","https://openalex.org/W2081488795","https://openalex.org/W2088477804","https://openalex.org/W2100107646","https://openalex.org/W2106276586","https://openalex.org/W2109131480","https://openalex.org/W2116062051","https://openalex.org/W2118338381","https://openalex.org/W2118502261","https://openalex.org/W2122621931","https://openalex.org/W2127514208","https://openalex.org/W2127841934","https://openalex.org/W2129020634","https://openalex.org/W2130494162","https://openalex.org/W2132555912","https://openalex.org/W2133487567","https://openalex.org/W2139285440","https://openalex.org/W2141186207","https://openalex.org/W2142897908","https://openalex.org/W2152343454","https://openalex.org/W2153733797","https://openalex.org/W2155022159","https://openalex.org/W2156358992","https://openalex.org/W2158805524","https://openalex.org/W2162896254","https://openalex.org/W2163154541","https://openalex.org/W2165636048","https://openalex.org/W2187621569","https://openalex.org/W2221519336","https://openalex.org/W2222174245","https://openalex.org/W2316064796","https://openalex.org/W2415596586","https://openalex.org/W2462099493","https://openalex.org/W2469324137","https://openalex.org/W2481953871","https://openalex.org/W2505361583","https://openalex.org/W2530237102","https://openalex.org/W2550182109","https://openalex.org/W2564847438","https://openalex.org/W2584430770","https://openalex.org/W2613167949","https://openalex.org/W2733934157","https://openalex.org/W2745819236","https://openalex.org/W2772491505","https://openalex.org/W2785663527","https://openalex.org/W2894013570","https://openalex.org/W2897357297","https://openalex.org/W2901490834","https://openalex.org/W2906081814","https://openalex.org/W2913156662","https://openalex.org/W2980695340","https://openalex.org/W3028202432","https://openalex.org/W3093638013","https://openalex.org/W4250832892","https://openalex.org/W4251668624","https://openalex.org/W4253749140","https://openalex.org/W4299515571"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2415596586","https://openalex.org/W2745904416","https://openalex.org/W4200016697","https://openalex.org/W4402654739","https://openalex.org/W4308593418","https://openalex.org/W7100981733","https://openalex.org/W2036402348","https://openalex.org/W7017364009","https://openalex.org/W2604368194","https://openalex.org/W1596936873"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Individual":[0],"differences":[1,246],"in":[2,84,123,207,247],"reading":[3,191,248],"comprehension":[4],"have":[5],"often":[6],"been":[7],"explored":[8],"using":[9],"latent":[10,49,106],"variable":[11],"modeling":[12,149,157,219],"(LVM),":[13],"to":[14,43,71,95,112,182,190,224,237,242],"assess":[15],"the":[16,30,33,59,89,96,135,169,179,204],"relative":[17],"contribution":[18],"of":[19,38,64,98,103,216],"domain-general":[20],"and":[21,88,146,154,185,195,210,232],"domain-specific":[22],"cognitive":[23,68,85],"abilities.":[24],"However,":[25],"LVM":[26,151],"is":[27,41,54,93,240],"based":[28],"on":[29,66],"assumption":[31,57],"that":[32],"observed":[34],"covariance":[35,90],"among":[36,91],"indicators":[37],"a":[39,44,48,55,104,233],"construct":[40],"due":[42,94],"common":[45,107],"cause":[46],"(i.e.,":[47],"variable;":[50],"Pearl,":[51],"2000).":[52],"This":[53],"questionable":[56],"when":[58],"indicator":[60],"variables":[61],"are":[62,82,110],"measures":[63],"performance":[65,87],"complex":[67],"tasks.":[69,101],"According":[70],"Process":[72],"Overlap":[73],"Theory":[74],"(POT;":[75],"Kovacs":[76],"&":[77,131],"Conway,":[78],"2016),":[79],"multiple":[80,114],"processes":[81,99],"involved":[83],"task":[86],"tasks":[92],"overlap":[97],"across":[100],"Instead":[102],"single":[105],"cause,":[108],"there":[109],"thought":[111],"be":[113,222],"dynamic":[115],"manifest":[116],"causes,":[117],"consistent":[118],"with":[119,168,188],"an":[120,214],"emerging":[121],"view":[122],"psychometrics":[124],"called":[125],"network":[126,156,201,218],"theory":[127],"(Barab\u00e1si,":[128],"2012;":[129],"Borsboom":[130],"Cramer,":[132],"2013).":[133],"In":[134,160,197,228],"current":[136],"study,":[137],"we":[138],"reanalyzed":[139],"data":[140],"from":[141],"Freed":[142,175],"et":[143,176],"al.":[144,177],"(2017)":[145],"compared":[147],"two":[148,163,200],"approaches:":[150],"(Study":[152,158],"1)":[153],"psychometric":[155,238],"2).":[159],"Study":[161,198,208],"1,":[162,209],"exploratory":[164],"LVMs":[165],"demonstrated":[166],"problems":[167,205],"original":[170],"measurement":[171],"model":[172,180],"proposed":[173],"by":[174],"Specifically,":[178],"failed":[181],"achieve":[183],"discriminant":[184],"convergent":[186],"validity":[187],"respect":[189],"comprehension,":[192],"language":[193],"experience,":[194],"reasoning.":[196],"2,":[199],"models":[202],"confirmed":[203],"found":[206],"also":[211],"served":[212],"as":[213],"example":[215],"how":[217],"techniques":[220],"can":[221],"used":[223],"study":[225],"individual":[226,245],"differences.":[227],"conclusion,":[229],"more":[230,234],"research,":[231],"informed":[235],"approach":[236],"modeling,":[239],"needed":[241],"better":[243],"understand":[244],"comprehension.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2019-08-13T00:00:00"}