{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2965807916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818319000171","title":"Secret but Constrained: The Impact of Elite Opposition on Covert Operations","display_name":"Secret but Constrained: The Impact of Elite Opposition on Covert Operations","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2965807916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818319000171","mag":"2965807916"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0020818319000171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818319000171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818319000171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160686149","display_name":"International Organization","issn_l":"0020-8183","issn":["0020-8183","1531-5088"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311702","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Organization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006338528","display_name":"Gregory L. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1985-2882","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1985-2882"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gregory L. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006338528"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.3006,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97833406,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"03","first_page":"685","last_page":"707"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.7261000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.7261000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12572","display_name":"Intelligence, Security, War Strategy","score":0.2337999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.011900000274181366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-operations","display_name":"covert operations","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divided-government","display_name":"divided government","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/congressional-oversight","display_name":"congressional oversight","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cia","display_name":"CIA","score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-foreign-policy","display_name":"US foreign policy","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-war","display_name":"Cold War","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-personnel","display_name":"military personnel","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-asymmetry","display_name":"information asymmetry","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presidential-secrecy","display_name":"presidential secrecy","score":0.39800000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.9015860557556152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775987171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192797","display_name":"Elite","level":3,"score":0.7324260473251343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780668109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192852","display_name":"Opposition (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6578875184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6275502443313599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5296024084091187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.5032173991203308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.5025308132171631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.4794798791408539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.4218893051147461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.40254396200180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.36742299795150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2485315203666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0020818319000171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818319000171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818319000171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160686149","display_name":"International Organization","issn_l":"0020-8183","issn":["0020-8183","1531-5088"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311702","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Organization","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cup:intorg:v:73:y:2019:i:03:p:685-707_00","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020818319000171/type/journal_article","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306113","display_name":"U.S. Department of State","ror":"https://ror.org/03vvynj75"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309374","display_name":"Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W621334741","https://openalex.org/W651944959","https://openalex.org/W836939395","https://openalex.org/W1433753119","https://openalex.org/W1682314167","https://openalex.org/W1979755096","https://openalex.org/W1984759973","https://openalex.org/W1992503224","https://openalex.org/W2014334521","https://openalex.org/W2024139892","https://openalex.org/W2027190587","https://openalex.org/W2028539097","https://openalex.org/W2037483977","https://openalex.org/W2038858335","https://openalex.org/W2046816612","https://openalex.org/W2096085608","https://openalex.org/W2097880646","https://openalex.org/W2100601176","https://openalex.org/W2108378466","https://openalex.org/W2113544956","https://openalex.org/W2113607642","https://openalex.org/W2120763836","https://openalex.org/W2125698819","https://openalex.org/W2126156274","https://openalex.org/W2128382984","https://openalex.org/W2131893936","https://openalex.org/W2132407108","https://openalex.org/W2133252317","https://openalex.org/W2133685950","https://openalex.org/W2146242922","https://openalex.org/W2150510278","https://openalex.org/W2154825321","https://openalex.org/W2155333785","https://openalex.org/W2160446276","https://openalex.org/W2168022836","https://openalex.org/W2179058078","https://openalex.org/W2297993958","https://openalex.org/W2315829717","https://openalex.org/W2332511867","https://openalex.org/W2332519082","https://openalex.org/W2333983184","https://openalex.org/W2336302643","https://openalex.org/W2337516595","https://openalex.org/W2340599364","https://openalex.org/W2402829506","https://openalex.org/W2499833927","https://openalex.org/W2505718944","https://openalex.org/W2549606123","https://openalex.org/W2550073271","https://openalex.org/W2573485314","https://openalex.org/W2594919569","https://openalex.org/W2748808315","https://openalex.org/W2770853057","https://openalex.org/W2774168709","https://openalex.org/W2794340886","https://openalex.org/W2799443126","https://openalex.org/W2920600543","https://openalex.org/W4235547178"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406168268","https://openalex.org/W7208642872","https://openalex.org/W2494423808","https://openalex.org/W7144323201","https://openalex.org/W7146305134","https://openalex.org/W3105201968","https://openalex.org/W2054540707","https://openalex.org/W2067971964","https://openalex.org/W4291005041","https://openalex.org/W1984759973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Recent":[1],"international":[2],"relations":[3],"scholarship":[4],"has":[5],"argued":[6],"that":[7,50,100,135,148,164,183],"political":[8,80,102,215],"elites":[9,71],"constrain":[10,32,82],"the":[11,19,33,58,92,108,117,128,133,185,189,200],"use":[12,60,94],"of":[13,21,35,44,61,95,144],"military":[14,121,159],"force":[15,96,122],"by":[16],"democracies.":[17],"Despite":[18],"persuasiveness":[20],"this":[22],"research,":[23],"scholars":[24,43],"have":[25,196],"largely":[26],"ignored":[27],"elite":[28,79,101],"dynamics\u2019":[29],"ability":[30,84,110],"to":[31,66,69,85,107,111,227],"initiation":[34],"covert":[36,51,113,125,136,155,167,207,222],"operations.":[37,114],"This":[38],"omission":[39],"is":[40,150],"consequential":[41],"because":[42],"US":[45,120],"foreign":[46],"policy":[47],"often":[48],"assume":[49],"operations":[52,126,137,156,168,223],"serve":[53],"as":[54],"a":[55],"substitute":[56],"for":[57,199],"overt":[59,93,158],"force;":[62],"secrecy":[63],"allows":[64],"leaders":[65,211,226],"limit":[67],"information":[68,186],"congressional":[70,178],"and":[72,123,147,157,174,191,206],"thus":[73],"weaken":[74],"their":[75,230],"oversight":[76,179],"capabilities.":[77],"Do":[78],"dynamics":[81],"presidents\u2019":[83],"act":[86],"secretly":[87],"or":[88],"do":[89],"they":[90],"affect":[91],"only?":[97],"I":[98,131],"argue":[99],"constraints\u2014particularly":[103],"opposition":[104],"from":[105],"Congress\u2014extend":[106],"president's":[109],"initiate":[112],"By":[115],"examining":[116],"trade-off":[118,153],"between":[119,154,188],"CIA-initiated":[124],"during":[127,142],"Cold":[129],"War,":[130],"find":[132],"likelihood":[134],"are":[138],"initiated":[139],"decreases":[140],"significantly":[141],"periods":[143],"divided":[145,175],"government":[146,176],"there":[149],"no":[151],"distinguishable":[152],"force.":[160],"The":[161],"results":[162],"suggest":[163],"constraints":[165],"on":[166,203],"became":[169],"more":[170],"uniform":[171],"across":[172],"unified":[173],"following":[177],"reforms":[180],"in":[181,220],"1975":[182],"reduced":[184],"asymmetry":[187],"majority":[190],"minority":[192],"party.":[193],"These":[194],"findings":[195],"important":[197],"ramifications":[198],"nascent":[201],"literature":[202],"back-door":[204],"bargaining":[205],"signalling.":[208],"Because":[209],"democratic":[210],"frequently":[212],"face":[213],"domestic":[214],"costs":[216],"even":[217],"when":[218],"acting":[219],"secret,":[221],"should":[224],"allow":[225],"credibly":[228],"convey":[229],"resolve.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2019-08-13T00:00:00"}
