{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2965427770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz063","title":"Hitler\u2019s Collaborators: Choosing Between Bad and Worse in Nazi-Occupied Western Europe","display_name":"Hitler\u2019s Collaborators: Choosing Between Bad and Worse in Nazi-Occupied Western Europe","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2965427770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz063","mag":"2965427770"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghz063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz063","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29682561","display_name":"German History","issn_l":"0266-3554","issn":["0266-3554","1477-089X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"German History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035662389","display_name":"Julia S. Torrie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1526-5231","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1526-5231"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129725529","display_name":"St. Thomas University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bmams93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129725529"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I235120680","display_name":"St. Thomas University","ror":"https://ror.org/05baznr53","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I235120680"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Julia Torrie","raw_affiliation_strings":["St. Thomas University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"St. Thomas University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129725529","https://openalex.org/I235120680"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035662389"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129725529","https://openalex.org/I235120680"],"apc_list":{"value":3106,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4096},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.2657,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98386994,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"4","first_page":"607","last_page":"609"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12909","display_name":"French Historical and Cultural Studies","score":0.5116999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12909","display_name":"French Historical and Cultural Studies","score":0.5116999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12645","display_name":"European history and politics","score":0.4814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11971","display_name":"World Wars: History, Literature, and Impact","score":0.004100000020116568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collaboration","display_name":"collaboration","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nazi-occupation","display_name":"Nazi occupation","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vichy-france","display_name":"Vichy France","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german-occupation-of-france","display_name":"German occupation of France","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nazi-occupation-of-denmark","display_name":"Nazi occupation of Denmark","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nazi-occupation-of-norway","display_name":"Nazi occupation of Norway","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motivations-for-collaboration","display_name":"motivations for collaboration","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-war-ii","display_name":"World War II","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ernst-junger","display_name":"Ernst J\u00fcnger","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/octave-mirbeau","display_name":"Octave Mirbeau","score":0.718999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.8771114349365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5616717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310","display_name":"Nazism","level":3,"score":0.7524018287658691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777189325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61022630","display_name":"Officer","level":2,"score":0.631103515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137355542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362","display_name":"World War II","level":2,"score":0.6068443655967712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121578661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7318","display_name":"Nazi Germany","level":3,"score":0.4998140335083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.4961322247982025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.4806729257106781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74916050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090","display_name":"Classics","level":1,"score":0.4365655183792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.36422044038772583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.36395853757858276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.335722953081131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.3213672339916229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2815765142440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.11744111776351929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghz063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz063","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29682561","display_name":"German History","issn_l":"0266-3554","issn":["0266-3554","1477-089X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"German History","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4300000071525574}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W594417348","https://openalex.org/W105609740","https://openalex.org/W2099765519","https://openalex.org/W2410874086","https://openalex.org/W4307040890","https://openalex.org/W2736413744","https://openalex.org/W606741262","https://openalex.org/W2090025162","https://openalex.org/W2564643000","https://openalex.org/W2971297825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"At":[0],"dinner":[1],"in":[2,21,68,76,98,108,139,159],"October":[3,93],"1941":[4],"with":[5,163],"Fernand":[6],"de":[7],"Brinon,":[8],"who":[9],"served":[10],"as":[11,126],"the":[12,17,28,79,84,127,134,150],"Vichy":[13],"regime\u2019s":[14],"representative":[15],"to":[16,57,148,161],"German":[18,23,96],"High":[19],"Command":[20],"Paris,":[22],"novelist":[24],"Ernst":[25],"J\u00fcnger":[26,40,65,111],"made":[27],"acquaintance":[29],"of":[30,137,153],"French":[31],"writer":[32],"and":[33,39,120,141,157],"actor":[34],"Sacha":[35],"Guitry.":[36],"As":[37],"Guitry":[38,48],"conversed":[41],"about":[42],"a":[43,117],"third":[44],"writer,":[45],"Octave":[46],"Mirbeau,":[47],"reported":[49],"that":[50,114],"on":[51,73],"his":[52,69],"deathbed,":[53],"Mirbeau":[54],"had":[55,116],"whispered":[56],"Guitry,":[58],"\u2018Ne":[59],"collaborer":[60],"jamais!\u2019":[61],"\u2018What":[62],"he":[63],"meant,\u2019":[64],"later":[66],"wrote":[67],"diary,":[70],"\u2018was":[71],"collaborating":[72],"comedies,":[74],"for":[75,91],"those":[77],"days,":[78],"word":[80],"did":[81],"not":[82],"have":[83],"odor":[85],"it":[86],"does":[87],"now\u2019":[88],"(diary":[89],"entry":[90],"8":[92],"1941,":[94,109],"A":[95],"Officer":[97],"Paris:":[99],"The":[100],"War":[101,130],"Journals,":[102],"1941\u201345,":[103],"New":[104],"York,":[105],"2019).":[106],"Even":[107],"then,":[110],"was":[112],"aware":[113],"collaboration":[115,138],"ripe":[118],"\u2018odour,\u2019":[119],"this":[121],"scent":[122],"grew":[123],"only":[124],"worse":[125],"Second":[128],"World":[129],"went":[131],"on.":[132],"Surveying":[133],"malodorous":[135],"terrain":[136],"Northern":[140],"Western":[142],"Europe,":[143],"Philip":[144],"Morgan\u2019s":[145],"book":[146],"aims":[147],"answer":[149],"complex":[151],"question":[152],"what":[154],"motivated":[155],"officials":[156],"businessmen,":[158],"particular,":[160],"cooperate":[162],"an":[164],"invading":[165],"enemy.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}