{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963828872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47198-1","title":"A network approach to cartel detection in public auction markets","display_name":"A network approach to cartel detection in public auction markets","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963828872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47198-1","mag":"2963828872","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31346221","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6658564"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47198-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47198-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47198-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47198-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47198-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070274437","display_name":"Johannes Wachs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9044-2018","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9044-2018"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198945027","display_name":"Central European University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zx40v98","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198945027"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["AT","DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Wachs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Computational Social Sciences and Humanities, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. johanneswachs@gmail.com","Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, H-1051, Budapest, Hungary. johanneswachs@gmail.com","Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, H-1051, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9044-2018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Computational Social Sciences and Humanities, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. johanneswachs@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, H-1051, Budapest, Hungary. johanneswachs@gmail.com","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, H-1051, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198945027"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044033087","display_name":"J\u00e1nos Kert\u00e9sz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4957-5406","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4957-5406"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198945027","display_name":"Central European University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zx40v98","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198945027"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00e1nos Kert\u00e9sz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, H-1051, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, H-1051, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198945027"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070274437"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198945027","https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":{"value":1790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1790},"apc_paid":{"value":1790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1790},"fwci":9.6648,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97926498,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"10818","last_page":"10818"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.4650999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.4650999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.3100999891757965,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.1565999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartel-detection","display_name":"cartel detection","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-auction","display_name":"public auction","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-analysis","display_name":"network analysis","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-cohesion","display_name":"group cohesion","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cooperation","display_name":"cooperation","score":0.4129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-procurement","display_name":"public procurement","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-simulation","display_name":"computer simulation","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-clustering","display_name":"unsupervised clustering","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/georgia","display_name":"Georgia","score":0.33500000834465027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778890260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179216","display_name":"Cartel","level":3,"score":0.8592391014099121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5209959149360657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3589200973510742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.2956666648387909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q701521","display_name":"Collusion","level":2,"score":0.18208909034729004}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":12,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47198-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47198-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47198-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47198-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6658564","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6658564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sci Rep","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:31346221","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31346221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:arx:papers:1906.08667","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.08667","pdf_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.08667","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1906.08667","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.08667","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.08667","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.wu.ac.at:openaire_cris_publications/cf58028b-42f9-46e9-b12d-2f73f3ebf2cf","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.wu.ac.at/de/publications/cf58028b-42f9-46e9-b12d-2f73f3ebf2cf","pdf_url":"http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47198-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055123","display_name":"WU Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wachs, J & Kertesz, J 2019, 'A network approach to cartel detection in public auction markets', Scientific Reports, vol. 9, no. 10818. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47198-1","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:3124819735","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/arxpapers/1906.08667.htm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c00b9cc824534474806b32f2d78f4629","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c00b9cc824534474806b32f2d78f4629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch.ceu.edu:20.500.14018/28434","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14018/28434","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401981","display_name":"Open Research (Auckland University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39854758","host_organization_name":"Auckland University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"1","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:785564","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/search?p=id:%22RWTH-2020-03315%22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401362","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific reports 9, 10818 (2019). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47198-1","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1906.08667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.08667","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.08667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.18154/rwth-2020-03315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18154/rwth-2020-03315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18154/rwth-2020-03315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401033","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47198-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47198-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47198-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47198-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G629142800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K-129124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321994","funder_display_name":"Hungarian Scientific Research Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318077","display_name":"Konkurrensverket","ror":"https://ror.org/05pxb3s26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321994","display_name":"Hungarian Scientific Research Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00v349e63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324232","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963828872.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963828872.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487898122","https://openalex.org/W1504786669","https://openalex.org/W1550411584","https://openalex.org/W1558571226","https://openalex.org/W1559301782","https://openalex.org/W1568155547","https://openalex.org/W1572298076","https://openalex.org/W1583163963","https://openalex.org/W1870641147","https://openalex.org/W1934860328","https://openalex.org/W1966579664","https://openalex.org/W1992389917","https://openalex.org/W1998464417","https://openalex.org/W2012466875","https://openalex.org/W2030062956","https://openalex.org/W2061357247","https://openalex.org/W2062663664","https://openalex.org/W2068860947","https://openalex.org/W2071869259","https://openalex.org/W2087612699","https://openalex.org/W2095883081","https://openalex.org/W2099540651","https://openalex.org/W2106226199","https://openalex.org/W2118608338","https://openalex.org/W2118847390","https://openalex.org/W2127339437","https://openalex.org/W2141486460","https://openalex.org/W2148212021","https://openalex.org/W2164609856","https://openalex.org/W2257657572","https://openalex.org/W2321205333","https://openalex.org/W2337313593","https://openalex.org/W2344853693","https://openalex.org/W2552974554","https://openalex.org/W2606950559","https://openalex.org/W2738222546","https://openalex.org/W2782212259","https://openalex.org/W2795724966","https://openalex.org/W2800402868","https://openalex.org/W2889579927","https://openalex.org/W2889685733","https://openalex.org/W2897521289","https://openalex.org/W3025292279","https://openalex.org/W3098439297","https://openalex.org/W3103045595","https://openalex.org/W3121372448","https://openalex.org/W3121539105","https://openalex.org/W3121539236","https://openalex.org/W3123638092","https://openalex.org/W3123984845","https://openalex.org/W3124481681","https://openalex.org/W3124572993","https://openalex.org/W3144410848","https://openalex.org/W4205400559","https://openalex.org/W4210258193","https://openalex.org/W4211179917","https://openalex.org/W4230676854","https://openalex.org/W4243057843","https://openalex.org/W4250660071","https://openalex.org/W4252569929","https://openalex.org/W6922736714"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214612012","https://openalex.org/W4366716633","https://openalex.org/W2321205333","https://openalex.org/W2143165297","https://openalex.org/W4312132739","https://openalex.org/W2800402868","https://openalex.org/W7098008071","https://openalex.org/W6962655791","https://openalex.org/W4410240867","https://openalex.org/W4210918983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Competing":[0],"firms":[1,17,71,91,199],"can":[2,72],"increase":[3],"profits":[4],"by":[5,145],"setting":[6],"prices":[7],"collectively,":[8],"imposing":[9],"significant":[10,39],"costs":[11],"on":[12,62,80,93],"consumers.":[13],"Such":[14],"groups":[15,155,197],"of":[16,70,83,90,109,139,148,169,182,198],"are":[18,30,161],"known":[19,124],"as":[20],"cartels":[21,57],"and":[22,32,76,100,104,126,133,159,179],"because":[23],"this":[24,74,174],"behavior":[25],"is":[26],"illegal,":[27],"their":[28,94,102,110],"operations":[29],"secretive":[31],"difficult":[33],"to":[34,46,54,114,152,165,195,205],"detect.":[35],"Cartels":[36],"feel":[37,43],"a":[38,51,68,88,115,123,136,185,191],"internal":[40],"obstacle:":[41],"members":[42],"short-run":[44],"incentives":[45],"cheat.":[47],"Here":[48],"we":[49],"present":[50],"network-based":[52],"framework":[53],"detect":[55,97],"potential":[56],"in":[58,184,200],"bidding":[59,201],"markets":[60,202],"based":[61,92],"the":[63,66,81,146,180],"idea":[64],"that":[65,128],"chance":[67],"group":[69,177],"overcome":[73],"obstacle":[75],"sustain":[77],"cooperation":[78,183],"depends":[79],"patterns":[82],"its":[84],"interactions.":[85],"We":[86,172],"create":[87],"network":[89],"co-bidding":[95],"behavior,":[96],"interacting":[98],"groups,":[99],"measure":[101],"cohesion":[103,132,158],"exclusivity,":[105],"two":[106],"group-level":[107],"features":[108],"collective":[111],"behavior.":[112,171],"Applied":[113],"market":[116],"for":[117],"school":[118],"milk,":[119],"our":[120],"method":[121,189,194],"detects":[122],"cartel":[125,170],"calculates":[127],"it":[129],"has":[130],"high":[131,157],"exclusivity.":[134],"In":[135],"comprehensive":[137],"set":[138],"nearly":[140],"150,000":[141],"public":[142],"contracts":[143],"awarded":[144],"Republic":[147],"Georgia":[149],"from":[150],"2011":[151],"2016,":[153],"detected":[154],"with":[156],"exclusivity":[160],"significantly":[162],"more":[163],"likely":[164],"display":[166],"traditional":[167],"markers":[168],"replicate":[173],"relationship":[175],"between":[176],"topology":[178],"emergence":[181],"simulation":[186],"model.":[187],"Our":[188],"presents":[190],"scalable,":[192],"unsupervised":[193],"find":[196],"ideally":[203],"positioned":[204],"form":[206],"lasting":[207],"cartels.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2019-07-30T00:00:00"}